Review of current regulations, available technologies, and future trends in the green shipping industry

Evaluation of ammonia fueled engine for a bulk carrier in marine decarbonization pathways

Transition to carbon-neutral energy generation is a reality, and great efforts are being made in this direction in the last years. Ammonia is a promising carbon-free fuel, and it can be used as a gas turbine fuel in existing power generation cycles without significant modification. This paper considers various aspects of the use of ammonia as a gas turbine fuel: it provides a review of existing ammonia-fired gas turbines and conducts a study of the prospective technology of using ammonia via thermochemical transformation into hydrogen-rich gas. Moreover, this paper considers on-board hydrogen production technology via thermochemical ammonia transformation. The ammonia fired chemically recuperated gas turbine is analyzed for which the thermal efficiency can be increased up to 5%–7% comparing to traditional gas turbines. Moreover, hydrogen-rich fuel with a hydrogen mole fraction up to 75% is used as a fuel, leading to more stable combustion with lower NOx emission up to 6–10 ppm. Additionally, an approach to on-board hydrogen production from ammonia via the utilization of solar energy is investigated. It is shown that solar energy can replace up to 25% of heat obtained via ammonia combustion. The paper discusses future perspectives in investigations for ammonia-fired gas turbines with on-board ammonia transformation. 

Ammonia fired gas turbines: Recent advances and future perspectives

Analysis of the very-low-sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO) and ultra-low-sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO) bunkered in key ports in Asia, the Middle East, North America, Western Europe, and Russia is presented. The characteristics of said fuels, including density, sulfur content, kinematic viscosity, aluminum and silicon content, vanadium and nickel content, as well as pour point are investigated. Furthermore, the main trends and correlations are also discussed. Based on the graphical and mathematical analysis of the properties, the composition of the fuels is predicted. The key fuel components in Asian ports, the most important of which is Singapore, are hydrodesulfurized atmospheric residues (AR) (50–70%) and catalytic cracker heavy cycle oil (HCO) (15–35%) with the addition of other components, which is explained by the presence of a number of large oil refining centers in the area. In the Middle East ports, the most used VLSFO compositions are based on available resources of low-sulfur components, namely hydrodesulfurized AR, the production facilities of which were recently built in the region. In European ports, due to the relatively low sulfur content in processed oils, straight-run AR is widely used as a component of low-sulfur marine fuels. In addition, fuels in Western European ports contain on average significantly more hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (21%) than in the rest of the world (4–5%). Finally, a mixture of hydrotreated (80–90%) and straight-run fuel oil (10–15%) with a sulfur content of no more than 2.0–2.5% is used as the base low-sulfur component of marine fuels in the ports of Singapore and the Middle East.

/pdf/technological-potential-analysis-and-vacant-technology-357jn14i.pdf

Technological Potential Analysis and Vacant Technology Forecasting in Properties and Composition of Low-Sulfur Marine Fuel Oil (VLSFO and ULSFO) Bunkered in Key World Ports

Effect of NH3 addition on soot morphology and nanostructure evolution in laminar ethylene diffusion flame

In recent years, the usage potential of alternative energy sources has been gaining importance to increase the efficiency of ships within the scope of the obligations brought by international maritime regulations. The possibility of using alternative energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, fuel cells, and waste heat recovery technologies on ships has been evaluated in the literature. Today, ships also have waste heat recovery systems as standard equipment for this purpose, and this method is suitable for thermoelectric generators that generate electricity from temperature differences on shipboards. This article aims to review the thermal technologies for the power generation of shipboards. By conducting a case study, an energy efficiency increase was obtained when functional areas were selected on a practical ship, and the effect of this efficiency increase on emissions was examined. As a result of the research, it was discovered that thermoelectric generators increased onboard energy efficiency and have significant potential for sustainability in the maritime sector.

/pdf/thermoelectric-generators-as-an-alternative-energy-source-in-10v1s32z.pdf

Thermoelectric Generators as an Alternative Energy Source in Shipboard Microgrids

Risk assessment of sea chest fouling on the ship machinery systems by using both FMEA method and ERS process

Decarbonization strategies in the maritime industry: An analysis of dual-fuel engine performance and the carbon intensity indicator

In recent years, ecological degradation has increased and drawn many environmental problems with it. One of the outcomes is the mucilage problem, which directly affects tourism, fishing, and especially the maritime sector. The recent mucilage outbreak in the Sea of Marmara has brought attention to these environmental disaster-related studies. However, there are only a few studies about mucilage’s effect on maritime transportation. In this context, the impact of mucilage on a marine vessel is examined within the scope of the study. One of the major negative effects of mucilage on a vessel is, its cooling system. Due to the mucosal formation of mucilage, it clogs the filters and reduces the cooling effect of seawater. In our paper, a case study was made, and data was obtained from a simulator. The seawater filter in front of the seawater pump was clogged by 0%, 30%, 45%, and 60% during the simulated case studies. 0% is the base condition that is not clogged by the mucilage while the other three cases are partially clogged. A comparison study was made according to the data gathered from the simulator. While the filter is clogged by 60% main engine is in slow down condition, but during 30% and 45% of cases, pumps tried to compensate cooling effect by increasing the seawater flow. However, enough cooling effects on the main engine jacket water, air cooler, lubrication oil cooler, steam condenser, and air compressor were not provided. Moreover, the reduced cooling effect increases fuel oil consumption which leads to higher CO2 emissions. These results show that mucilage not only affects fishing, and tourism but also affects the environment by increasing the fuel oil consumption of a vessel.

/pdf/effect-of-mucilage-pollution-on-ship-cooling-systems-a-case-1pbuu7x8.pdf

Effect of Mucilage Pollution on Ship Cooling Systems: A Case Study

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