Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and its constituents from water by adsorption - A review.

Adsorption by activated carbon has great potential to improve natural organic matter (NOM) removal from water. However, the high production and regeneration costs limit its wide scale application. ...

Production and performance of activated carbon from rice husks for removal of natural organic matter from water : A review

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water by ion exchange - A review.

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a common occurrence in all raw waters (e.g., surface waters, groundwater, and wastewater) that are used for freshwater production. NOM is a leading cause of complications for water treatment systems and is ideally entirely removed early in the process. As an early-stage membrane process, ultrafiltration (UF) can remove the majority of NOM constituents. En revanche, NOM severely fouls UF membranes which can drastically impede the UF process performance. In addition, smaller molecular weight NOM fractions can pass the UF system unhindered and hence, may cause further complications downstream. To address both issues, this paper critically reviews recent publications focusing on enhancing NOM retention and on mitigation of membrane fouling in UF systems. Specifically, the main mitigation routes that are reviewed are UF pre-treatment, in-situ physical and/or chemical cleaning, and membrane enhancement. While several membrane enhancement solutions are promising, the scalability and economic feasibility of these modifications remain questionable. In terms of membrane cleaning, physical solutions are less effective while chemical approaches are more efficient but may cause membrane damage. Of the proposed techniques, multi-process solutions (i.e., combined pre-treatment and UF) are the most promising for NOM retention and prevention of UF membrane fouling. However, optimal operation of multi-process systems is challenging, especially due to the spatio-temporal variability of NOM. Hence, specific focus is given to in-situ, on-line NOM fouling monitoring techniques that can be integrated for dynamic plant operation.

Retention of natural organic matter by ultrafiltration and the mitigation of membrane fouling through pre-treatment, membrane enhancement, and cleaning - A review

Nanomaterials have been extensively used in polymer nanocomposite membranes due to the inclusion of unique features that enhance water and wastewater treatment performance. Compared to the pristine membranes, the incorporation of nanomodifiers not only improves membrane performance (water permeability, salt rejection, contaminant removal, selectivity), but also the intrinsic properties (hydrophilicity, porosity, antifouling properties, antimicrobial properties, mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability) of these membranes. This review focuses on applications of different types of nanomaterials: zero-dimensional (metal/metal oxide nanoparticles), one-dimensional (carbon nanotubes), two-dimensional (graphene and associated structures), and three-dimensional (zeolites and associated frameworks) nanomaterials combined with polymers towards novel polymeric nanocomposites for water and wastewater treatment applications. This review will show that combinations of nanomaterials and polymers impart enhanced features into the pristine membrane; however, the underlying issues associated with the modification processes and environmental impact of these membranes are less obvious. This review also highlights the utility of computational methods toward understanding the structural and functional properties of the membranes. Here, we highlight the fabrication methods, advantages, challenges, environmental impact, and future scope of these advanced polymeric nanocomposite membrane based systems for water and wastewater treatment applications.

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Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

As human health concerns over disinfection byproducts (DBP) in drinking water increase, so does the need to develop new materials that remove them rapidly and at high capacity. Ion exchange (IEX) is an effective method for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM), especially anion exchange resins (AERs) with quaternary ammonium functional groups. However, capacity is limited in existing commercial resin materials because adsorbates can only interact with the outermost surface area, which makes these products inefficient on a mass basis. We have synthesized a novel "NanoResin" exploiting the enhanced NOM removal of the quaternary ammonium resin while utilizing the vast surface area of SWCNTs, which act as scaffolding for the resin. Our nanomaterials show increased adsorption capacity compared to commercially available adsorbents, in a fraction of the time. This NanoResin requires only about 10 s to reach ion-exchange equilibrium. Comparatively, commercial AERs only achieved partial removal after more than 30 min. High capacity adsorption of a low molecular weight (MW) surrogate has been measured. NOM removal was demonstrated in solutions of both low and high specific UV absorbance (SUVA) composition with these nanomaterials. Additionally, the NanoResin showed enhanced removal of a NOM concentrate sample taken from Myrtle Beach, SC, demonstrating NanoResin is an effective method of removal for refractory NOM in a natural aqueous environment. Synthesis and characterization of the polymers and nanomaterials are presented below. Adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, and the regeneration and reusability of these new materials for NOM removal are described. The open matrix microstructure precludes any intraparticle diffusion of adsorbates; thus, these nanomaterials act as a "contact resin".

High-Capacity and Rapid Removal of Refractory NOM Using Nanoscale Anion Exchange Resin.

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High-Capacity and Rapid Removal of Refractory NOM Using Nanoscale Anion Exchange Resin.