The preferential accumulation of gold nanoparticles within tumors and the increased photoelectric absorption due to the high atomic number of gold cooperatively account for the possibility of significant tumor dose enhancement during gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT). Among the many conceivable ways to implement GNRT clinically, a brachytherapy approach using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources (i.e. Eavg 40%) could be achievable using 125I, 50 kVp and 169Yb sources and gold nanoparticles. When calculated at 1.0 cm from the center of the source within a tumor loaded with 18 mg Au g−1, macroscopic dose enhancement was 116, 92 and 108% for 125I, 50 kVp and 169Yb, respectively. For a tumor loaded with 7 mg Au g−1, it was 68, 57 and 44% at 1 cm from the center of the source for 125I, 50 kVp and 169Yb, respectively. The estimated MDEF values for 169Yb were remarkably larger than those for 192Ir, on average by up to about 70 and 30%, for 18 mg Au and 7 mg Au cases, respectively. The current MC study also shows a remarkable change in the photoelectron fluence and spectrum (e.g. more than two orders of magnitude) and a significant production (e.g. comparable to the number of photoelectrons) of the Auger electrons within the tumor region due to the presence of gold nanoparticles during low-energy gamma-/x-ray irradiation. The radiation sources considered in this study are currently available and tumor gold concentration levels considered in this investigation are deemed achievable. Therefore, the current results strongly suggest that GNRT can be successfully implemented via brachytherapy with low energy gamma-/x-ray sources, especially with a high dose rate 169Yb source.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/54/16/004/pdf

The dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) via brachytherapy using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources

Glaucoma is a common ocular disorder that is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is characterized by the dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although many studies have implicated various molecules in glaucoma, no mechanism has been shown to be responsible for the earliest detectable damage to RGCs and their axons in the optic nerve. Here, we show that the leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway is activated in the optic nerve head at the earliest stages of disease in an inherited mouse model of glaucoma. This resulted in proinflammatory monocytes entering the optic nerve prior to detectable neuronal damage. A 1-time x-ray treatment prevented monocyte entry and subsequent glaucomatous damage. A single x-ray treatment of an individual eye in young mice provided that eye with long-term protection from glaucoma but had no effect on the contralateral eye. Localized radiation treatment prevented detectable neuronal damage and dysfunction in treated eyes, despite the continued presence of other glaucomatous stresses and signaling pathways. Injection of endothelin-2, a damaging mediator produced by the monocytes, into irradiated eyes, combined with the other glaucomatous stresses, restored neural damage with a topography characteristic of glaucoma. Together, these data support a model of glaucomatous damage involving monocyte entry into the optic nerve.

/pdf/radiation-treatment-inhibits-monocyte-entry-into-the-optic-204ybe43hw.pdf

Radiation treatment inhibits monocyte entry into the optic nerve head and prevents neuronal damage in a mouse model of glaucoma

Parameters governing gold nanoparticle X-ray radiosensitization of DNA in solution

A vacuum-sealed miniature X-ray tube based on a carbon nanotube field-emission electron source has been demonstrated. The diameter of the X-ray tube is 10 mm; the total length of the tube is 50 mm, and no external vacuum pump is required for the operation. The maximum tube voltage reaches up to 70 kV, and the X-ray tube generates intense X-rays with the air kerma strength of 108 Gy·cm2 min−1. In addition, X-rays produced from the miniature X-ray tube have a comparatively uniform spatial dose distribution.

/pdf/a-vacuum-sealed-miniature-x-ray-tube-based-on-carbon-41bxi3dk8s.pdf

A vacuum-sealed miniature X-ray tube based on carbon nanotube field emitters

Apparatus (40) is provided, including a capsule (50), adapted to be swallowed by a subject (54), the capsule (50) including (a) at least one radiation source (60), adapted to emit radiation having an energy of at least 10 keV, and (b) at least one photon detector (62), adapted to detect photons generated responsively to the emitted radiation, the photons having an energy of at least 10 keV. The apparatus (40) additionally includes a control unit (64), adapted to analyze data regarding the photons in order to generate information useful for identifying a clinically-relevant feature of a gastrointestinal (GI) tract (72) of the subject (54).

Intra-lumen polyp detection

The basic concept, design and performance of a novel needle-based x-ray system for medical applications are reported. The main principle of the system is based on a two-stage production of x-rays. The system comprises a conventional x-ray tube with an Ag anode, any known type of conditioning optics and a 2.2 mm diameter hollow needle with an interchangeable Mo target. The target can be moved along the needle axis and rotated around the needle axis. The needle x-ray device allows for adjustment in energy and flux intensity of the x-rays emitted by the target. The depth dependence of the intensity, dose rate as well as spatial and energy distribution of the radiation emitted by the target have been experimentally measured. The depth dose rate results have been compared with theoretical calculations using a Monte Carlo simulation of the x-ray production process. These studies have experimentally confirmed that the concept of this x-ray system is correct. Further improvement of the device can increase the dose rate up to the levels required for clinical applications.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/49/20/001/pdf

A novel needle-based miniature x-ray generating system.

The invention is directed to an x-ray device and method for radiation treatment comprising an x-ray source (1), a collimator (4) incorporating conditional optics, such as a capillary lens (3) for directing and focusing the x-ray radiation, and implantable needles. One or more capillary semilenses (16, 17) are positioned along the optical axis of the x-ray beam allow to form a movable focus by changing the distance between the semilenses. The input end of the collimator (4) is optically and mechanically conjugated with the x-ray source (1). The output end of the collimator is optically and mechanically conjugated with an originating end of the needle (5). At its output end is a transparent window (6) on which can repose a layer (13) that substantially absorbs and re-emits radiation which passes through the window (6).

X-ray needle apparatus and method for radiation treatment

The basic design and performance of a novel x-ray scalpel device for interstitial radiosurgery are reported. The x-ray scalpel is comprised of a capillary optics collimator conjugated with a high brilliance microfocus x-ray tube and a thin hollow needle (tip) attached to the collimator. The device is capable of producing a high dose rate (about 140 Gy min−1 in water-like absorber at the exit window), 0.7 mm diameter, quasi-parallel beam that can be delivered to a targeted site by a minimally invasive procedure. Contrary to insertable x-ray tubes or radionuclides used in brachytherapy and complying with the 1/r2 radiation attenuation law, the dose rate for a quasi-parallel beam decreases with distance as μ exp(−μr), where μ is the energy-dependent linear attenuation coefficient in the exposed medium. Moreover, the shape, energy and the dose attenuation curve of the x-ray beam can be adjusted. Two versions of the x-ray scalpel device (5.4 keV and 20.2 keV) are described. We present results from our first test of the x-ray scalpel as a controllable source of focal radiation for producing radiation necrosis in rat brain tissue. Irradiation was transdurally delivered to the rat cerebral cortex for 10 min at a dose rate of 20 Gy min−1.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/52/6/015/pdf

X-ray scalpel—a new device for targeted x-ray brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery

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A novel needle-based miniature x-ray generating system.

X-ray needle apparatus and method for radiation treatment

X-ray scalpel—a new device for targeted x-ray brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery