In this paper, the spatial distribution of fluoride (F‒) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater was described and the overall groundwater quality was assessed with the entropy weight water quality index (EWQI) in Weining Plain, northwest China. The probabilistic health risk of F‒ and Mn in groundwater was assessed by the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method. The results show that 50 groundwater samples (a total of 144) belong to poor and very poor quality because of agricultural activities, industrial development, and the local hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater quality in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is better than that in the lower reaches. The average health risks faced by children and adults are 4.59 and 0.62, respectively. If the uncertainty of the model parameters are considered, the mean risks faced by children and adults are 6.84 and 0.92, respectively, indicating that the health risk to residents, especially children, cannot be ignored. Compared with dermal contact, drinking water intake is the main exposure way to harm residents’ health. F‒ contributed higher to the health risk than Mn, and children face greater risk than adults. Stochastic simulation can reflect health risks more comprehensively than the deterministic methods. The study results are helpful for decision makers to take measures for the safe supply of drinking water in the study area.

Occurrence and Distribution of Groundwater Fluoride and Manganese in the Weining Plain (China) and Their Probabilistic Health Risk Quantification

Globally, over 200 million people are chronically exposed to arsenic (As) and/or manganese (Mn) from drinking water. We used machine-learning (ML) boosted regression tree (BRT) models to predict high As (>10 μg/L) and Mn (>300 μg/L) in groundwater from the glacial aquifer system (GLAC), which spans 25 states in the northern United States and provides drinking water to 30 million people. Our BRT models' predictor variables (PVs) included recently developed three-dimensional estimates of a suite of groundwater age metrics, redox condition, and pH. We also demonstrated a successful approach to significantly improve ML prediction sensitivity for imbalanced data sets (small percentage of high values). We present predictions of the probability of high As and high Mn concentrations in groundwater, and uncertainty, at two nonuniform depth surfaces that represent moving median depths of GLAC domestic and public supply wells within the three-dimensional model domain. Predicted high likelihood of anoxic condition (high iron or low dissolved oxygen), predicted pH, relative well depth, several modeled groundwater age metrics, and hydrologic position were all PVs retained in both models; however, PV importance and influence differed between the models. High-As and high-Mn groundwater was predicted with high likelihood over large portions of the central part of the GLAC.

Machine-Learning Predictions of High Arsenic and High Manganese at Drinking Water Depths of the Glacial Aquifer System, Northern Continental United States.

Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in groundwater of eastern China coastal zone.

Groundwater is often used for domestic and irrigation purposes, even in mining areas. Mine drainage, rainfall, and infiltration cause heavy metal enrichment, adversely affecting the groundwater and harming human health. In this study, water samples (October 2021) in the Suzhou southern coal mining area were analyzed for the heavy metals As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn to determine potential effects of heavy metal contamination on environmental quality and human health. It was found that 22% and 31% of the sampling sites had “excellent” and “good” water quality, respectively. Excessive concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected in 47% and 72% of the samples, respectively. The non-carcinogenic health risk values of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were below the negligible levels of health risk set by various environmental agencies. Content ranking was as follows: Fe > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Zn > As, with Fe accounting for 43%. All sampling points exceeded the maximum acceptable level of Cr recommended by the agencies. Chromium, the major carcinogenic factor in the study area, contributed to 95.45% of the total health risk. Therefore, the authorities in this region must closely monitor three heavy metal elements—Fe, Mn, and Cr.

/pdf/environmental-and-health-risks-posed-by-heavy-metal-2d32wy50.pdf

Environmental and Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in the Sunan Coal Mine, China

Underground water is the main and probably the only source of drinking and irrigation in New Valley Governorate (Egypt). To assess water suitability for such purposes, 30 well-water samples (80–1300m depth) were collected from three oases i.e., El-Kharga, Baris and El-Dakhla. The pH values of these waters ranged from 6.5 to 7.88. SO 4 2 − was the dominant anion in such waters while Ca2＋ was the dominant cation. Concentrations of both ions (SO 4 2 − and Ca 2 + ) exceeded the maximum allowable limits for drinking and irrigation purposes. Although sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values did not exceed “10” in all waters samples; however, Mg-hazards and low infiltration rate might threaten the suitability of water for irrigation in many locations. Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As and Se were below the maximum allowable concentrations suggested by FAO for irrigation water. On the other hand, Fe was the only potentially toxic element (PTE) whose concentrations exceeded the permissible levels of WHO regulations for drinking water. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), these metals were originated from natural (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) and anthropogenic (As, Pb, Cd and Se) sources. Their existence represents potential chronic threats to children, particularly Fe, Mn, Pb and As. Moreover, the majority of water samples were within the moderate grade of irrigation quality index while exhibited low grades for the drinking quality index. Accordingly, more attention should be paid towards improving the quality of underground water in New Valley governorate for either drinking or irrigation purposes.

Evaluation of underground water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in New Valley Governorate, Egypt

The groundwater contamination problem comes out from the ability of water to dissolve the aquifer materials, where any change in water acidity and alkalinity has an impact on this process. Iron and manganese are very sensitive to the water redox conditions. The present work attempts to characterize distribution and occurrence of Fe and Mn in the groundwater of Dakhla Basin, Western Desert of Egypt, their relationships with the acidity and alkalinity of groundwater, and the potential effect of oxidation-reduction conditions on their mode of occurrence. High concentrations of iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+) reductively dissolved from soil minerals have been detected in groundwater. Iron and manganese concentrations, as well as alkalinity and pH of groundwater were mapped in the study area. The concentrations of both elements are extremely high in the southern part of the study area (256 and 36 ppm, respectively) due to the high acidic character of groundwater. Two forms of Fe2+ are present (carbonate and sulfides), linked mainly to the level of the water-bearing layer depth. The iron carbonate is linked to the shallow water-bearing interval, whereas in the deep bearing water interval, Fe2+ tends to be in the sulfide form with the presence of sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB). Mn behaves similarly as Fe but precipitated more rapidly, and the anaerobic bacteria play an effective role in concentration of both Fe and Mn in the studied samples. The long aeration time can help to drawdown the high Fe and Mn contents.

Distribution and origin of iron and manganese in groundwater: case study, Balat-Teneida area, El-Dakhla Basin, Egypt

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Distribution and origin of iron and manganese in groundwater: case study, Balat-Teneida area, El-Dakhla Basin, Egypt