https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(00)02816-6.pdf

A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(05)70055-9/pdf

Evaluation of the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding: an evidence based approach.

On page 207, Vol. 78, No. 3, September 1, 1943, in footnote 3, section 1, line 1, the numeral 5 should be substituted for the numeral 8.

/pdf/effects-of-hypotension-due-to-hemorrhage-and-of-blood-3pf6b3cusk.pdf

Effects of hypotension due to hemorrhage and of blood transfusion on renal function in dogs

Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

AGA Technical Review on Gastrointestinal Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia.

Observations on the oral administration of citrated blood in man

Elevation of the blood urea nitrogen following massive hemorrhage from the stomach and duodenum is a frequent occurrence (1). Its mechanism is not the same as that associated with high intestinal obstruction, as it occurs in the absence of any vomiting (2) (e.g. in the presence of melena alone4), and is associated with a normal or increased blood chloride concentration (3, 4, 5) and a normal carbon dioxide combining power of the blood (4, 5). The factors contributing to this increase of the urea nitrogen content of the blood have been said to comprise shock, dehydration, starvation, renal insufficiency, and absorption of decomposition products of the blood liberated in the intestinal tract. We have elsewhere adduced evidence which excludes the factors of shock, dehydration, and starvation as essential but which emphasizes the importance of the digestion of the blood in the intestinal tract (1, 6). Attempts have previously been made to evaluate the renal factor in this increase of the blood urea nitrogen. Sanguinetti (7) found that three patients with elevated blood urea content following hematemesis were able to excrete a concenration of 30 to 38 grams of urea per liter of urine and believed that this excluded renal insufficiency. Christiansen (2) reported normnal kidneys at necropsy in a case of hematemesis (due to peptic ulcer) in which there was an abnormally high blood urea concentration. Ingegno (8) emphasized the presence of normal blood pressure, high urine specific gravity, and negative urinary find-

/pdf/renal-function-and-the-azotemia-following-hematemesis-22qbuy9a8l.pdf

Renal function and the azotemia following hematemesis.

The blood urea nitrogen was elevated to 30 mg per cent or more in about two-thirds and to 50 mg per cent or more in about one-fifth of one hundred and thirty-five cases of hematemesis or melena due to various causes In no instance of hematemesis due to peptic ulcer, hepatic cirrhosis, gastritis, carcinoma, or undetermined cause, did death occur as the result of the hemorrhage in the absence of an increased blood urea nitrogen content In the presence of azotemia five of eight patients with hepatic cirrhosis died as did seven among thirty-five patients with peptic ulcer (including one patient who died of perforation) In the presence of azotemia shock increased the mortality rate in patients with hematemesis or melena The mean maximum blood urea nitrogen was higher in patients fifty years of age or over than in those below this age limit In patients with repeated or continued hemorrhages which proved fatal the already elevated blood urea nitrogen generally continued to rise or fluctuated above normal limits instead of reaching a maximum concentration in twenty-four to forty-eight hours and then dropping to normal on the third or fourth day as in patients with a single non-fatal hemorrhage

The prognostic significance of the blood urea nitrogen following hematemesis or melena

Forty-four patients with hematemesis and melena were studied on the Cincinnati General Hospital wards to determine whether any single factor or combination of factors associated with hemorrhage in general bore any relation to the episode.

The blood in cases of hematemesis and melena with reference to factors influencing hemorrhage

The subcutaneous administration of anterior pituitary-like hormone (Antuitrin-S) to a group of seven individuals in daily doses of 1 cc. for a total of 32 to 150 injections produced no constant effect on the volume and acidity of gastric juice as obtained in a one hour period following the subcutaneous administration of histamine.

The effect of anterior pituitary-like hormone on gastric acidity in man

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