The Social Psychology of Groups. J. W Thibaut & H. H. Kelley. New York: alley, 1959. The team of Thibaut and Kelley goes back to 1946 when, after serving in different units of the armed services psychology program, the authors joined the Research Center for Group Dynamics, first at M.LT and then at the University of Michigan. Their continued association eventuated in appointments as fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 19561957. It is during these years that their collaboration resulted in the publication of The Social Psychology of Groups. The book was designed to "bring order and coherence to present-day research in interpersonal relations and group functioning." To accomplish this aim, the authors introduced, defined, and illustrated basic concepts in an effort to explain the simplest of social phenomena, the two-person relationship. These basic principles and concepts were then employed to illuminate larger problems and more complex social relationships and to examine the significance of such concepts as roles, norm, power, group cohesiveness, and status. The lasting legacy of this book is derived from the fact that the concepts and principles discussed therein serve as a foundation for one of the dominant conceptual frameworks in the field of family studies today-the social exchange framework. Specifically, much of our contemporary thinking about the process of interpersonal attraction and about how individuals evaluate their close relationships has been influenced by the theory and concepts introduced in The Social Psychology of Groups. Today, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley, we think of interpersonal attraction as resulting from the unique valence of driving and restraining forces, rewards and costs, subjectively thought to be available from a specific relationship and its competing alternatives. We understand, as well, that relationships are evaluated through complex and subjectively based comparative processes. As a result, when we think about assessing the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their relationships, we take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the importance they attribute to different aspects of a relationship (e.g., financial security, sexual fulfillment, companionship). We also take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the levels of rewards and costs that they believe are realistically obtainable and deserved from a relationship. In addition, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley's theoretical focus on the concept of dependence and the interrelationship between attraction and dependence, there has evolved within the field of family studies a deeper appreciation for the complexities and variability found within relationships. Individuals are dependent on their relationships, according to Thibaut and Kelley, when the outcomes derived from the existing relationship exceed those perceived to be available in competing alternatives. Individuals who are highly dependent on their relationships are less likely to act to end their relationships. This dependence and the stability it engenders may or may not be voluntary, depending on the degree to which individuals are attracted to and satisfied with their relationships. When individuals are both attracted to and dependent on their relationships, they can be thought of as voluntarily participating in their relationship. That is, they are likely to commit themselves to the partner and relationship and actively work for its continuance. Thibaut and Kelley termed those relationships characterized by low levels of satisfaction and high levels of dependence "nonvoluntary relationships. …

The Social Psychology of Groups

Purpose Structural equation modeling (SEM) depicts one of the most salient research methods across a variety of disciplines, including hospitality management. While for many researchers, SEM is equivalent to carrying out covariance-based SEM, recent research advocates the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) as an attractive alternative. We systematically examine how PLS-SEM has been applied in major hospitality research journals with the aim of providing important guidance and, if necessary, opportunities for realignment in future applications. As PLS-SEM in hospitality research is still in an early stage of development, critically examining its use holds considerable promise in order to counteract misapplications which otherwise might reinforce over time. Design/methodology/approach We reviewed all PLS-SEM studies published in six SSCI-indexed hospitality management journals between 2001 and 2015. Tying in with prior studies in the field, our review covers reasons for usin...

An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research

Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has become a key method in international marketing research. Users of PLS-SEM have, however, largely overlooked the issue of endogeneity, which has become an integral component of regression analysis applications. This lack of attention is surprising because the PLS-SEM method is grounded in regression analysis, for which numerous approaches for handling endogeneity have been proposed. To identify and treat endogeneity, and create awareness of how to deal with this issue, this study introduces a systematic procedure that translates control variables, instrumental variables, and Gaussian copulas into a PLS-SEM framework. We illustrate the procedure’s efficacy by means of empirical data and offer recommendations to guide international marketing researchers on how to effectively address endogeneity concerns in their PLS-SEM analyses.

/pdf/addressing-endogeneity-in-international-marketing-5gj7ehiv5y.pdf

Addressing Endogeneity in International Marketing Applications of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Abstract Many constructs in management studies, such as perceptions, personalities, attitudes, and behavioral intentions, are not directly observable. Typically, empirical studies measure such constructs using established scales with multiple indicators. When the scales are used in a different population, the items are translated into other languages or revised to adapt to other populations, it is essential for researchers to report the quality of measurement scales before using them to test hypotheses. Researchers commonly report the quality of these measurement scales based on Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis results. However, these results are usually inadequate and sometimes inappropriate. Moreover, researchers rarely consider sampling errors for these psychometric quality measures. In this best practice paper, we first critically review the most frequently-used approaches in empirical studies to evaluate the quality of measurement scales when using structural equation modeling. Next, we recommend best practices in assessing reliability, convergent and discriminant validity based on multiple criteria and taking sampling errors into consideration. Then, we illustrate with numerical examples the application of a specifically-developed R package, measureQ, that provides a one-stop solution for implementing the recommended best practices and a template for reporting the results. measureQ is easy to implement, even for those new to R. Our overall aim is to provide a best-practice reference for future authors, reviewers, and editors in reporting and reviewing the quality of measurement scales in empirical management studies. 

/pdf/reporting-reliability-convergent-and-discriminant-validity-3dn13k48.pdf

Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations

Munich School of Management, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich, Munich, Germany Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Babeș‐Bolyai University, Cluj‐Napoca, Romania Mitchell College of Business, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA Faculty of Economics and Management, Otto‐von‐Guericke‐University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/mar.21640

Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade

Roemer, E., Schuberth, F., & Henseler, J. (2021). HTMT2– an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling. Industrial Management and Data Systems. [Advanced online publication on 3 September 2021]. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082

/pdf/htmt2-an-improved-criterion-for-assessing-discriminant-shyvemadrm.pdf

HTMT2– an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling

Purpose




The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic overview with guidelines how to use partial least squares (PLS) path modeling in longitudinal studies. Practical examples from a study of the acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in corporate fleets are used for demonstration purposes.




Design/methodology/approach




In this study, data at three points in time were collected: before the initial use of a BEV, after three and after six months of extensive usage of BEVs.




Findings




Three different models are identified depending on the research objective and on the data basis. Multigroup analyses are suggested to test the difference between the path coefficients of latent variables at different points in time. Limitations for the use of repeated cross-sectional data have to be observed.




Originality/value




Academics and practitioners will benefit from this paper by receiving an overview of the different PLS path models in longitudinal studies. A decision-tree enables them to make a choice regarding the most appropriate model and suggests a sequence of complementary analyses. So far, there is a lack of a tutorial type paper delivering such guidance.

A tutorial on the use of PLS path modeling in longitudinal studies

Managing commitments and flexibility by real options

In the past, Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) have contributed strongly to the development of the strategic theory of the firm, that is strategic management theory with foundations in the theory of the firm. While TCE has given answers to the fundamental question of the existence and the boundaries of the firm (scope), the RBV has focused on the question why firms differ from each other (heterogeneity). However, both theories lack a dynamic perspective, including adaptation to change and uncertainty. We argue that Real Options Theory (ROT) can remedy this shortcoming. The aim of the paper is therefore to integrate the complementary perspectives of ROT, the RBV and TCE in order to advance the strategic theory of the firm. In doing so, we simultaneously extend ROT by addressing issues in strategic management, which have been neglected so far. We derive testable propositions from our argument and discuss managerial implications as well as limitations and extensions.

Real options, resources and transaction costs: advancing the strategic theory of the firm

The dynamics of electric vehicle acceptance in corporate fleets: Evidence from Germany

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