Substance abuse in women.

http://www.sportellodolore.info/public/sportello/genere/CARDIOVASCOLARE/Gender-differences-in-drug-responses_2007_Pharmacological-Research.pdf

Gender differences in drug responses

https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/terryrobinson/wp-content/uploads/sites/193/2014/11/jackson_06.pdf

Sex Differences and Hormonal Influences on Acquisition of Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats

In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky behaviors that include experimenting with drugs of abuse, and in susceptible individuals, they are drawn into the spiral that can eventually lead to addiction. Women and girls are more likely to begin taking drugs as self-medication to reduce stress or alleviate depression. For this reason women enter into the downward spiral further along the path to addiction, and so transition to addiction more rapidly. We propose that this sex difference is due, at least in part, to sex differences in the organization of the neural systems responsible for motivation and addiction. Additionally, we suggest that sex differences in these systems and their functioning are accentuated with addiction. In the current review we discuss historical, cultural, social and biological bases for sex differences in addiction with an emphasis on sex differences in the neurotransmitter systems that are implicated.

/pdf/sex-differences-in-the-neural-mechanisms-mediating-addiction-2lhlctn2kv.pdf

Sex differences in the neural mechanisms mediating addiction: a new synthesis and hypothesis.

Human and animal research indicates the presence of sex differences in drug abuse. These data suggest that females, compared to males, are more vulnerable to key phases of the addiction process that mark transitions in drug use such as initiation, drug bingeing, and relapse. Recent data indicate that the female gonadal hormone estrogen may facilitate drug abuse in women. For example, phases of the menstrual cycle when estrogen levels are high are associated with enhanced positive subjective measures following cocaine and amphetamine administration in women. Furthermore, in animal research, the administration of estrogen increases drug taking and facilitates the acquisition, escalation, and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Neurobiological data suggest that estrogen may facilitate drug taking by interacting with reward- and stress-related systems. This chapter discusses sex differences in and hormonal effects on drug-seeking behaviors in animal models of drug abuse. The neurobiological basis of these differences and effects are also discussed.

Females are more vulnerable to drug abuse than males: evidence from preclinical studies and the role of ovarian hormones.

We recently reported that progesterone treatment attenuated some of the subjective effects of smoked cocaine in female cocaine users. In this study, we further examined the interaction between progesterone and cocaine in both male and female cocaine users using subjective, physiological and behavioral outcomes. A total of 10 subjects, 6 male and 4 female cocaine users, had two experimental sessions. Before each session, participants received either two oral doses of 200 mg of progesterone or placebo. Two hours after the second dose of medication treatment, the participants received a 0.3 mg/kg dose of cocaine intravenously and started the self-administration period, in which five optional doses of cocaine were available. Progesterone treatment attenuated the cocaine-induced diastolic blood pressure increases without affecting the systolic blood pressure and heart rate increases. Progesterone treatment also attenuated the subjective ratings of high and feel the effect of last dose in response to cocaine but did not affect cocaine self-administration behavior. These results suggest that progesterone attenuates some of the physiological and subjective effects of cocaine in both male and female participants. The effects of progesterone treatment on cocaine dependence need to be further studied in controlled trials.

Effects of progesterone treatment on cocaine responses in male and female cocaine users.

Objective
Previous studies suggest possible modulatory effects of progesterone on nicotine addiction. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of progesterone, on acute physiological and subjective responses to intravenous (IV) nicotine in overnight abstinent male and female smokers.

Methods
Twelve smokers, six males and six females, participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, which consisted of two experimental sessions. Before each session, subjects were treated orally with a single dose of either 200 mg progesterone or placebo. Starting 2 h following the medication treatment, subjects received an IV saline injection, followed by 0.5 and 1.0 mg/70 kg IV nicotine.

Results
Progesterone treatment, compared to placebo, enhanced the ratings of “bad effects,” from IV nicotine and attenuated the rating of “drug liking.” Progesterone also enhanced suppression of smoking urges by nicotine as assessed by the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU).

Conclusions
These results suggest that progesterone may alter the subjective effects of nicotine as well as urges to smoke cigarettes. Further studies are warranted to examine the modulation of nicotine's effects by gonadal hormones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/progesterone-effects-on-subjective-and-physiological-3wwz21wd6a.pdf

Progesterone effects on subjective and physiological responses to intravenous nicotine in male and female smokers

In preclinical studies, medications which increase the synaptic GABA levels have been shown to block cocaine reinforcement. In this study, we examined the interaction between a GABA enhancing medication, tiagabine, and cocaine in cocaine users. A total of 7 subjects, 5 male and 2 female cocaine users had 2 experimental sessions. Before each session, subjects received either two oral doses of 4 mg of tiagabine or placebo. Starting 2 h after the second dose of medication treatment, subjects received an injection of saline followed by 2 escalating cocaine doses (0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg) intravenously. Tiagabine treatment did not affect the cocaine-induced blood pressure and heart rate changes. Tiagabine treatment attenuated the subjective ratings of "stimulated" and "crave cocaine" in response to cocaine administration. These results suggest that tiagabine treatment attenuates some of the subjective effects of cocaine without affecting its cardiovascular effects. GABA medications, including tiagabine, are currently being evaluated in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Tiagabine affects the subjective responses to cocaine in humans

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Effects of progesterone treatment on cocaine responses in male and female cocaine users.

Progesterone effects on subjective and physiological responses to intravenous nicotine in male and female smokers

Tiagabine affects the subjective responses to cocaine in humans