The purpose of determining serum cortisol level is to reflect the activity of stress axis, ethological alterations, acute and chronic pain, life quality, or psychogenic stress. Although it is stated that stress can produce a measurable influence on the cortisol level, a certified value of this pain biomarker in dogs was not generally accepted yet. This study aimed to investigate if serum cortisol measured follows allopathic treatments only, or it is associated with physiotherapy, point out pain level in dogs with orthopedic disease, which could reveal the healing progress. The diagnostic identified: hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, or intervertebral disc disease. Ortolani and Barden tests, together with clinical examination, drawer sign, and tibia compression test, were done in dogs exhibiting postures, and motion alteration, and X-Ray confirmed. A total of 30 dogs were grouped in healthy (n = 10) and pain groups (n = 20), the blood sampling is done at the beginning of the investigation, and after ten days of the study. Dogs were handled in two ways: G1-treated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) only and respectively, G2-by therapy and physiotherapy. The analysis was performed on a Roche Cobas Analyzer (Roche, USA), serum cortisol being determined by Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), and statistics using ANOVA, following Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test. The results revealed that, out of ten specimens in the Control group, nine were within the normal limits: 5-65 ng × mL-1 (24.76 ± 19.48678), and one sample under the set limit. In G1, it was observed that the plasmatic P1 values were below the levels of P2, in six situations. In G2, although the status of all subjects improved radically with the removal or evident reduction of pain, confirmed clinically and imagistically, the P2 values in five dogs were higher than the initial P1 values, and in contradiction with the observed clinical reality. Comparing results, the mean difference in G1 was 0.41, and in G2 = 2.54, with an SD for G1 = 13.38, and G2 = 16.66, registering moderate development. Standard deviation illustrated that the values of treated groups were highly spread throughout the interval, and the serum cortisol assay did not generate significant statistical differences between groups in our case. This inferred the doubt whether the used detection method or values registered correctly indicates the pain levels in dog species.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/2036/pdf

Is ECLIA Serum Cortisol Concentration Measurement, an Accurate Indicator of Pain Severity in Dogs with Locomotor Pain?

The use of training aids within equine training programmes is well established with professional, amateur and recreational riders, and horse owners. However, the claims of training aid manufacturer...

Equine training aids: can they really improve performance?

Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disease in dogs, often manifested as pain, joint swelling, and lameness. Despite the lack of scientific evidence for its treatment efficacy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used in dogs as a pain-relieving treatment. This randomised single-blinded cross-over study investigated the effect of TENS on gait parameters in fifteen dogs with osteoarthritis. Stance time, swing time, stride time, stride length, peak vertical force (%BW), vertical impulse (%BW*sec), and symmetry indices were obtained using a pressure-sensitive mat. TENS treatment of 80 Hz and 100 µs with an individually selected amplitude was conducted for 45 min once daily for a treatment period of seven or ten days. No significant differences were seen between TENS and placebo for any of the gait parameters. Hence, in this study, TENS did not affect gait parameters, compared to placebo. Further studies are needed to confirm the observations. 

Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Gait Parameters in Dogs with Osteoarthritis

Chapter 10 Fitness Conditioning for the Veterinary Technician and Owner Dawn Rector, Dawn Rector The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USASearch for more papers by this authorDarryl Millis, Darryl Millis The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USASearch for more papers by this author Dawn Rector, Dawn Rector The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USASearch for more papers by this authorDarryl Millis, Darryl Millis The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Mary Ellen Goldberg, Mary Ellen Goldberg Veterinary Technician Specialist- lab animal medicine (Research anesthesia-retired), Veterinary Technician Specialist- (physical rehabilitation-retired), Veterinary Technician Specialist- (anesthesia & analgesia) – H, Veterinary Medical Technologist, Surgical Research Anesthetist-retired, Certified Canine Rehabilitation Veterinary Nurse, Certified Veterinary Pain PractitionerSearch for more papers by this authorJulia E. Tomlinson, Julia E. Tomlinson Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation (Specialist) Twin Cities Animal Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Clinic, VROMP | Veterinary Rehabilitation & Orthopedic Medicine Partners practice, 12010 Riverwood Dr, Burnsville, MN, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 February 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119892441.ch10 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Fitness and conditioning for the dog and owner have become key for many clients. It involves a state of health and well-being. Physiologic and functional capacity are involved as well as proper nutrition, exercise, rest, and recovery. Fitness conditioning prevents injury and keeps the dog active long into its’ life. References Barfield , J.W. and Oliver , G.D. ( 2019 ). 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In: Peak Performance: Coaching the Canine Athlete , 2nde , 109 . Lutherville, MD : Canine Sports Productions . Google Scholar Physical Rehabilitation for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, Second Edition ReferencesRelatedInformation 

Fitness Conditioning for the Veterinary Technician and Owner

The effect of kinesiotape on range of motion in flexion–extension of the thoracolumbar back in the trotting horse

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Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on veterinary rehabilitation and physical therapy

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Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on veterinary rehabilitation and physical therapy