Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We demonstrate a composite medium, based on a periodic array of interspaced conducting nonmagnetic split ring resonators and continuous wires, that exhibits a frequency region in the microwave regime with

/pdf/composite-medium-with-simultaneously-negative-permeability-16lgrquuw2.pdf

Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity

The electronic properties of inversion and accumulation layers at semiconductor-insulator interfaces and of other systems that exhibit two-dimensional or quasi-two-dimensional behavior, such as electrons in semiconductor heterojunctions and superlattices and on liquid helium, are reviewed. Energy levels, transport properties, and optical properties are considered in some detail, especially for electrons at the (100) silicon-silicon dioxide interface. Other systems are discussed more briefly.

Electronic properties of two-dimensional systems

In 1978 it was discovered, largely through the work of Fleischmann, Van Duyne, Creighton, and their coworkers that molecules adsorbed on specially prepared silver surfaces produce a Raman spectrum that is at times a millionfold more intense than expected. This effect was dubbed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Since then the effect has been demonstrated with many molecules and with a number of metals, including Cu, Ag, Au, Li, Na, K, In, Pt, and Rh. In addition, related phenomena such as surface-enhanced second-harmonic generation, four-wave mixing, absorption, and fluorescence have been observed. Although not all fine points of the enhancement mechanism have been clarified, the majority view is that the largest contributor to the intensity amplification results from the electric field enhancement that occurs in the vicinity of small, interacting metal particles that are illuminated with light resonant or near resonant with the localized surface-plasmon frequency of the metal structure. Small in this context is gauged in relation to the wavelength of light. The special preparations required to produce the effect, which include among other techniques electrochemical oxidation-reduction cycling, deposition of metal on very cold substrates, and the generation of metal-island films and colloids, is now understood to be necessary as a means of producing surfaces with appropriate electromagnetic resonances that may couple to electromagnetic fields either by generating rough films (as in the case of the former two examples) or by placing small metal particles in close proximity to one another (as in the case of the latter two). For molecules chemisorbed on SERS-active surface there exists a "chemical enhancement" in addition to the electromagnetic effect. Although difficult to measure accurately, the magnitude of this effect rarely exceeds a factor of 10 and is best thought to arise from the modification of the Raman polarizability tensor of the adsorbate resulting from the formation of a complex between the adsorbate and the metal. Rather than an enhancement mechanism, the chemical effect is more logically to be regarded as a change in the nature and identity of the adsorbate.

Surface-enhanced spectroscopy

Surface raman spectroelectrochemistry: Part I. Heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode

Anomalous Optical Absorption Limit in InSb

Tunneling Phenomena in Solids

The evidence, from the photoelastic properties of alkali halides and MgO, and from the deviations from the Cauchy relation among the elastic constants in these crystals, for the existence of an appreciable deformation of the charge distribution about the atoms during lattice vibration, is discussed. The deformation of the charge distribution is suggested as a possible alternative explanation to that of anharmonic forces for the auxiliary bands in the infrared absorption and reflection spectra of the alkali halides and MgO. It is suggested, on the other hand, that the infrared absorption spectra of pure homopolar crystals, such as diamond, silicon, and germanium in which a linear moment is absent, must involve the deformation of the charge distribution during vibration, since anharmonic forces alone cannot account for any infrared absorption in the absence of a linear moment.The deformation of the charge distribution in a crystal during vibration is shown to lead to a second order electric moment (quadratic in the displacements) as well as to a modification of the first order moment. A qualitative understanding of the contribution of the second order moment to infrared absorption is obtained with the help of a one-dimensional calculation.An analysis is made of the infrared absorption in diamond, silicon, and germanium. Part of the absorption is judged to be intrinsic and to be reasonably explained by a second order electric moment arising from charge deformation. The remainder seems to vary with the specimen and is explained as an impurity-induced first order moment. The second order electric moment can also be used to explain the side bands in the absorption and reflection spectra of the alkali halides. However, it fails to explain the observed broadening of the main absorption line, indicating that anharmonic forces are probably the principal mechanism in the latter phenomenon.

Infrared Lattice Absorption in Ionic and Homopolar Crystals

Confined Electrons and Photons: A Summary:.- Basic Solid State Optics in Bulk and 2D Structures.- Dynamics of Optical Excitations in Semiconductors.- Optical Transitions, Excitons and Polaritons in Bulk and Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures.- Electron States in Biased Heterostructures.- Phonons and Electron-Phonon Interaction in Low-Dimensional Structures.- Excitonic Radiative Dynamics in Semiconductor Quantum Wells.- Superlattices and Quantum Wells in Organic Semiconductors: Excitons and Optical Non-linearities.- Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells.- Confined Electrons in 1D and 0D.- Principles of Electron Solid State Electron Optics.- Atomic-like Spectroscopy of Low Dimensional Electron Systems.- Inelastic Scattering and Thermalization in low-III-V Semiconductor Structures.- Synthesis and Spectroscopy of II-VI Quantum Dots: an Overview.- Prospects of High Efficiency Quantum Boxes obtained by direct epitaxial growth.- Confined Photons.- Atoms in Cavities.- Controlling Spontaneous Emission and Optical Microcavities.- Spontaneous Emission Control in Semiconductor Microcavities.- Strong Coupling in Semiconductor Microcavities.- Localization of Light in Disordered and Periodic Dielectrics.- Photonic Bloch Waves and Photonic Band Gaps.- Light Emission in Photonic Crystal Micro-Cavities.- Special Topics - Applications.- Semiconductor Nanostructure lasers: Fundamentals and Fabrications.- Quantum Wells Optical Switching Devices.- High-efficiency, Narrow Spectrum Resonant Cavity Light Emitting Diodes.- Short Papers (Seminars and Selected Posters).- Spontaneous Emission Control in Planar Structures: Er3+ in Si/SO2 Microcavities.- Vacuum Rabi Splitting in a Semiconductor Microcavity.- Impurity Modes in One-Dimensional Periodic Systems: The Transition from Photonic Bandgaps to Microcavities.- Photonic Bandgap Calculations: Inward and Outward Integral Equations and the KKR method.- Soliton-Polariton Interaction near an Excitonic Resonance in Semiconductors.- Dynamics of Excitons and Electron-Hole Plasma Confined in Semiconductor Nanocrystals.- Coupled-Quantum Wells for Optical Modulation.- In-plane Electro-Optic Effect in a Quantum Well.- Reprinted Papers: Basics.- Aspects of Polaritons.- Interband Optical Transitions in Extremely Anisotropic Semiconductors.- Effect of Retarded Interaction on the Exciton Spectrum in One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Crystals.- On the Exciton Luminescence at Low temperatures: Importance of the Polariton Viewpoint.- Spatial and Spectral Features of Polariton Fluorescence.- Reprinted Papers: Confined Electrons.- Studies of Exciton Localization in Quantum-Well Structures by Nonlinear-Optical Techniques.- Excitonic Optical Nonlinearity and Exciton Dynamics in Semiconductor Quantum Dots.- Very Large Optical Nonlinearity of Semiconductor Microcrystallites.- Reprinted Papers: Confined Photons.- Spontaneous Emission Probabilities at Radiofrequencies.- Inhibited Spontaneous Emission.- Inhibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid State Physics and Electronics.- Cavity Q.E.D.- Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics at Optical Frequencies.- Physics and Device Applications of Optical Microcavities.- Optical Processes in Microcavities.- Photon Number Squeezed States in Semiconductor Lasers.- Photonic Bandgap Structures.- Applications of Photonic Band gap Structures.- Contributors.

Confined electrons and photons : new physics and applications

A theory of surface magnetoplasmons in semiconductors is developed with the inclusion of retardation for the geometry in which the magnetic field is parallel to the surface and the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the magnetic field. If the background dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ lies in a suitable range for a given value of the magnetic field, gaps appear in the dispersion relation for the surface magnetoplasmons. The possible experimental observation of these gaps is discussed.

Theory of Surface Magnetoplasmons in Semiconductors

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