Co-crystallization of kojic acid (HKA) with silver(I), copper(II), zinc(II), or gallium(III) salts yielded three 1D coordination polymers and one 0D complex in which kojic acid was present as a neutral or anionic terminal or bridging ligand. All reactions were conducted mechanochemically via ball milling and manual grinding, or via slurry. All solids were fully characterized via single-crystal and/or powder X-ray diffraction. As kojic acid is a mild antimicrobial compound that is widely used in cosmetics, and the metal cations possess antibacterial properties, their combinations were tested for potential antibacterial applications. The minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) and minimal biocidal concentrations (MBCs) for all compounds were measured against standard strains of the bacteria P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. All compounds exerted appreciable antimicrobial activity in the order of silver, zinc, copper, and gallium complexes.

/pdf/exploring-the-co-crystallization-of-kojic-acid-with-silver-i-2601mknz.pdf

Exploring the Co-Crystallization of Kojic Acid with Silver(I), Copper(II), Zinc(II), and Gallium(III) for Potential Antibacterial Applications

Antimicrobial carbon materials-based quantum dots: From synthesis strategies to antibacterial properties for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in wound healing

The current article describes the biological activity of new biomaterials combining the “green” properties of humic substances (HSs) and silver nanoparticles. The aim is to investigate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of HS matrices (macroligands) and AgNPs stabilized with humic macroligands (HS-AgNPs). The unique chemical feature of HSs makes them very promising ligands (matrices) for AgNP stabilization. HSs have previously been shown to exert many pharmacological effects mediated by their AOA. AgNPs stabilized with HS showed a pronounced ability to bind to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the test with ABTS. Also, higher AOA was observed for HS-AgNPs as compared to the HS matrices. In vitro cytotoxicity studies have shown that the stabilization of AgNPs with the HS matrices reduces the cytotoxicity of AgNPs. As a result of in vitro experiments with the use of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), it was found that all HS materials tested and the HS-AgNPs did not exhibit prooxidant effects. Moreover, more pronounced AOA was shown for HS-AgNP samples as compared to the original HS matrices. Two putative mechanisms of the pronounced AOA of the tested compositions are proposed: firstly, the pronounced ability of HSs to inactivate ROS and, secondly, the large surface area and surface-to-volume ratio of HS-AgNPs, which facilitate electron transfer and mitigate kinetic barriers to the reduction reaction. As a result, the antioxidant properties of the tested HS-AgNPs might be of particular interest for biomedical applications aimed at inhibiting the growth of bacteria and viruses and the healing of purulent wounds. 

Enhanced Antioxidant Activity and Reduced Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Different Humic Materials

Multidrug-resistant bacteria hindering disease management have become a matter of serious concern. Nanotechnology has evolved as a fresh promise for managing infectious diseases. The intended purpose of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using fig fruit (Ficus carica) and myrrh oleogum resin (Commiphora sp.) extracts and microwave irradiation. UV-visible, FTIR, TEM, DLS and Zeta-potential analysis were deployed to characterise silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, and their effects on the bacteria's cells were examined as well through SEM. Fig fruit and myrrh’s extract reaction solution changed color (reddish brown) after 90 and 120 seconds of microwave operation, respectively. UV-Vis-validated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with fig fruit extract (FAgNPs) and myrrh extract (MAgNPs), showing absorption bands between 434.41nm and 434.95 nm. TEM revealed that the FAgNPs and MAgNPs were predominantly spherical and of various sizes. The average diameter of FAgNPs and MAgNPs was 33.79nm and 31.63nm, respectively, and both of them were moderately polydispersed and relatively stable colloids. The antibacterial evaluation of FAgNPs shows that the highest level of inhibition was against S. aureus and it was higher than that of Augmentin, and next to it were E. coli and S. pyogenes. While in case of MAgNPs the most sensitive pathogen was S. aureus, followed by E. coli and S. pyogenes, respectively. FAgNPs and MAgNPs had MIC values of 15 µg/ml against S. aureus, compared to 30 µg/ml against E. coli. SEM images showed that treatment with FAgNPs and MAgNPs caused S. aureus cells to become malformed. Similar cell damage was also observed in E. coli cells treated with FAgNPs and MAgNPs. This study for the first time report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing fig fruit and myrrh extracts and microwave irradiation. 

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by extracts of fig fruits and myrrh oleogum resin and their role in antibacterial activity

The increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has led to a renewed focus on the use of silver as an antibiotic-independent antimicrobial. Unfortunately, the use of many silver formulations may be limited by an uncontrolled release of silver with the potential for significant cytotoxic effects. Silver carboxylate (AgCar) has emerged as an alternative formulation of silver with the potential to mitigate these concerns while still displaying significant bactericidal activity. This article reviews the efficacy of silver carboxylate formulations as a promising novel antibiotic-independent antimicrobial. This study was conducted through a search of five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) for relevant studies up to September 2022. Searches were conducted for types of “silver carboxylate” formulations. Sources were compiled based on title and abstract and screened for inclusion based on relevance and study design. A review of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of silver carboxylate was compiled based on this search. Current body of data suggests that silver carboxylate shows promise as an emerging antibiotic-independent antimicrobial, with significant bactericidal effects while minimizing cytotoxicity. Silver carboxylate addresses several of the limitations of more primitive formulations, including controlled dosing and fewer negative effects on eukaryotic cell lines. These factors are concentration-dependent and largely rely on the vehicle system used to deliver it. Although several silver carboxylate-based formulations like titanium dioxide/polydimethylsiloxane (TiO2/PDMS) matrix-eluting AgCar have shown promising results in vitro, and could potentially be utilized independently or in conjunction with current and future antimicrobial therapies, there is a need for further in vivo studies to validate their overall safety and efficacy profile.

/pdf/silver-carboxylate-as-an-antibiotic-independent-2hagov4z.pdf

Silver Carboxylate as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: A Review of Current Formulations, in vitro Efficacy, and Clinical Relevance

Background: The increase of multi-drug-resistant organisms has revived the use of silver as an alternative antibiotic-independent antimicrobial. Although silver's multimodal mechanism of action provides low risk for bacterial resistance, high local and uncontrolled concentrations have shown toxicity. This has resulted in efforts to develop novel silver formulations that are safer and more predictable in their application. Optimization of silver as an antimicrobial is crucial given the growing resistance profile against antibiotics. This article reviews formulations of silver used as antimicrobials, focusing on the mechanisms of action, potential for toxicity, and clinical applications. Methods: A search of four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library) was conducted for relevant studies up to January 2022. Searches were conducted for the following types of silver: ionic, nanoparticles, colloidal, silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine, silver oxide, silver carboxylate, and AQUACEL® (ConvaTec, Berkshire, UK). Sources were compiled based on title and abstract and screened for inclusion based on relevance and study design. Results: A review of the antimicrobial activity and uses of ionic silver, silver nanoparticles, colloidal silver, silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine, silver oxide, Aquacel, and silver carboxylate was conducted. The mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and potential for toxicity were studied, and general trends between earlier and more advanced formulations noted. Conclusions: Early forms of silver have more limited utility because of their uncontrolled release of silver ions and potential for systemic toxicity. Multiple new formulations show promise; however, there is a need for more prospective in vivo studies to validate the clinical potential of these formulations.

Silver as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: Review of Current Formulations and Clinical Relevance.

Abstract Introduction: With the rise in antibiotic resistance, new methodologies are needed to combat musculoskeletal infections. Silver is an antimicrobial that can be synthesized in different forms, but its pharmacokinetics are difficult to control. This study details the antibacterial efficacy and cellular cytotoxicity of a formulation consisting of silver carboxylate (AgCar) released through a titanium dioxide/polydimethylsiloxane matrix with a predictable release profile on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacterium baumannii, and human-derived primary osteoblasts. Methods: Through an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and IRB-approved protocol, AgCar was applied to live Yucatan porcine skin and histologically analyzed for skin penetration. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS) was used to measure elution of AgCar. Dose–response curves were generated through optical density to assess potency. Finally, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to quantify the cellular cytotoxicity of the novel formulation. The results were subject to statistical analysis using analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests. Results: The silver carboxylate coating demonstrated deep penetration into the epithelium at the level of the deep pilosebaceous glands in animal models. GFAAS testing demonstrated the extended elution profile of silver carboxylate over 96 hours, while 100% silver with no titanium dioxide-polydimethylsiloxane matrix fully eluted within 48 hours. 10x silver carboxylate demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity to antibiotics and other silver formulations and showed minimal cytotoxicity compared with other silver formulations. Discussion/Clinical Relevance: Current antimicrobial therapies in wound care and surgical antisepsis, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, have pitfalls including poor skin penetration and short duration of efficacy. The broad antimicrobial activity, extended elution, and deep skin penetration of this AgCar formulation show great promise for surgical site infection and wound care treatment. Novel technology to fight the growing threat of microbial resistance should be at the forefront of orthopaedic surgical site infection prevention and treatment.

Silver carboxylate-TiO2/polydimethyl siloxane is a safe and effective antimicrobial with significant wound care potential

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Silver as an Antibiotic-Independent Antimicrobial: Review of Current Formulations and Clinical Relevance.

Silver carboxylate-TiO2/polydimethyl siloxane is a safe and effective antimicrobial with significant wound care potential