A number of proposals have been advanced in recent years for the development of “general systems theory” which, abstracting from properties peculiar to physical, biological, or social systems, would be applicable to all of them. We might well feel that, while the goal is laudable, systems of such diverse kinds could hardly be expected to have any nontrivial properties in common. Metaphor and analogy can be helpful, or they can be misleading. All depends on whether the similarities the metaphor captures are significant or superficial.

/pdf/the-architecture-of-complexity-4xo6ce822h.pdf

The Architecture of Complexity

Survey researchers routinely conduct studies that use different methods of data collection and inference. But for at least the past 60 years, the probabilitysampling framework has been used in most surveys. More recently, concerns about coverage and nonresponse coupled with rising costs have led some to wonder whether non-probability sampling methods might be an acceptable alternative, at least under some conditions (Groves 2006; Savage and Burrows 2007). A wide range of non-probability designs exist and are being used in various settings, including case control studies, clinical trials, evaluation research

Summary Report of the AAPOR Task Force on Non-probability Sampling

On 3 November 1948, the day after Harry Truman won the United States presidential elections, the Chicago Tribune published one of the most famous erroneous headlines in newspaper history: “Dewey Defeats Truman” ( 1 , 2 ). The headline was informed by telephone surveys, which had inadvertently undersampled Truman supporters ( 1 ). Rather than permanently discrediting the practice of polling, this event led to the development of more sophisticated techniques and higher standards that produce the more accurate and statistically rigorous polls conducted today ( 3 ).

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/346/6213/1063.full.pdf

Social media for large studies of behavior

Total survey error is a conceptual framework describing statistical error properties of sample survey statistics. Early in the history of sample surveys, it arose as a tool to focus on implications ...

/pdf/total-survey-error-past-present-and-future-13n548lfha.pdf

Total Survey Error: Past, Present, and Future

In this review of some of the recent work in the study of errora of measurement, attention is centered on the type of mathematical model used to represent errom of measurement, on the extent to which standard techniques of analysis become erroneous and misleading if certain types of errors are present (and the possible remedial procedures), and the techniques that are available for the numerical study of errors of measurement

Errors of Measurement in Statistics

This paper reports results of a large scale study of the effect of interviewers on survey results. Where significant effects of the interviewer upon the results are found, the important factors appear to be (1) interviewer “resistance” to a given question—i.e., a tendency to omit or alter the question and/or to assume the answer; (2) relatively high ambiguity, “subjectivity,” or complexity in the concept or wording of the inquiry; (3) the degree to which additional questioning (“probing”) tends to alter initial respondent replies. The study also investigated the relationship of interviewer performance to interviewer characteristics as given by (1) scores on a number of tests; (2) by such personal characteristics as age, sex, occupation, education; and (3) by attitudes toward, and expectations of respondent reactions. At least one measure of poor quality of enumeration (number of improperly omitted Census entries) seems to show substantial correlation with age, with some test scores, and with expe...

Influence of the Interviewer on the Accuracy of Survey Results

The Pre-Election Polls of 1948.

Population Growth Estimation. A Handbook of Vital Statistics Measurement

The Pre-Election Polls of 1948. Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-Election Polls and Forecasts

Management and the Computer of the Future.

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