Background:Cadmium is an environmental pollutant which can induce the overproduction of free radicals while suppressing the antioxidant defense system. Curcumin is considered a free-radical scaveng...

Curcumin protects the testis against cadmium-induced histopathological damages and oxidative stress in mice:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used in a wide range of products and as a consequence, the environmental concentration will inevitably increase in the near future. Many aquatic organisms have been shown to be sensitive to the toxic effects of silver, including oxidative stress mechanisms. In this study, we assessed the ability of silymarin (Silybum marianum) to counter the oxidative effects of AgNPs in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed on the diets supplemented with 50 or 200 mg kg−1 of free or nanoencapsulated silymarin for 50 days. Subsequently, they were exposed via the water to three concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg L−1) of AgNPs for 24 h, and the effects of this exposure assessed on blood plasma and liver oxidative status. Growth performance and most body indices measured were not affected by any of the experimental diets. There were no effects of free silymarin (FS) or nanoencapsulated silymarin (NS) on levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), or on the total protein (TP). In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and plasma glucose (GLU) were all affected by the high dietary FS and NS treatments compared with controls. Prior to the AgNPs exposure, the levels of SOD and GPx activity were higher and MDA levels lower in the silymarin treatment groups compared to controls. Exposure to AgNPs resulted in a reduction in the levels of GPx and SOD activity and an increase in the level of MDA that was dependent on the exposure concentrations of AgNPs. Based on GPx, MDA, and GLU indices, both forms of silymarin decreased the toxicity of AgNPs, but NS supplementation was the most effective. Thus, we show dietary silymarin supplementation can reduce AgNP toxicity and nanoencapsulation increases its efficacy as an antioxidant.

Antioxidant properties of dietary supplements of free and nanoencapsulated silymarin and their ameliorative effects on silver nanoparticles induced oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Metabolic effects of long-term cadmium exposure: an overview

Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in spermatozoa may lead to male infertility. Environmental pollutants and heavy metals such as cadmium cause harmful effects on the reproductive system and sperm parameters through the induction of oxidative stress. Silymarin, as a potent antioxidant, is able to inhibit oxidative stress. This study was performed to investigate the protective effects of silymarin on cadmium-induced toxicity in human spermatozoa. Sperm samples were divided into the following five groups: (a) spermatozoa at 0 min, (b) spermatozoa in the control group, (c) spermatozoa treated with cadmium chloride (20 μM), (d) spermatozoa treated with silymarin (2 μM)+ cadmium chloride (20 μM) and (e) spermatozoa treated with silymarin (2 μM). Sperm parameters related to apoptosis, such as DNA fragmentation, nucleus diameter, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and expression of caspase-3, were evaluated in all groups. After 180 min, spermatozoa treated with cadmium chloride showed a significant decrease in nucleus diameter and MMP but a significant increase in DNA fragmentation; however, caspase-3 expression remained unchanged. At this time point, silymarin in the silymarin + cadmium chloride group could significantly reverse the adverse effects of cadmium chloride on these parameters.Silymarn could partly compensate for the caspase-independent apoptosis in the spermatozoa. Therefore, oxidative stress could be a consequence for cadmium toxicity.

Impact of silymarin on cadmium-induced apoptosis in human spermatozoa.

Simple Summary Florfenicol, an approved aquacultural antibiotic, is extensively used in temperate countries as therapeutics against several fish bacterial pathogens. It has never been introduced or used in several tropical countries. In earlier safety studies in tropical conditions, several alterations in the biological responses of Nile tilapia were documented. Yet, its safety was proclaimed at the juvenile stage. Though histopathological changes in the kidney and liver tissues upon oral florfenicol medication were assessed, the residue accumulation and depletion in these tissues were not documented vividly. The current study was undertaken to look at the biological responses, residue deposition and developmental oxidative stress in Nile tilapia upon oral administration at 0–10 times the therapeutic dose (15 mg kg biomass−1 day−1) for 10 consecutive days and observed for 43 days post dosing. The therapeutic dose group documented 100% survival. Alterations in serum biochemistry were noted, which recovered completely with the suspension of medication. Florfenicol residues peaked on day 10 of medication and were undetectable within 9 days of post-dosing. Oral medication even at the therapeutic dose caused reversible oxidative stress. The results provided an insight into how the florfenicol residues behave in the vital organs at higher temperatures under controlled use in tropical conditions. Abstract Florfenicol (FFC), an approved aquaculture antibiotic, is administered in feed at doses of 10–15 mg kg biomass−1 day−1 for 10 successive days. In this study, healthy Oreochromis niloticus were fed with 0–10 times the therapeutic dose of 15 mg kg biomass−1 day−1 for 10 days and tracked for 43 days post dosing. Assessments of residue accrual and depletion, oxidative stress, serum biochemistry, histopathology and extent of kidney and liver damages were made. FFC dosing reduced the feed intake significantly. The therapeutic dose produced no mortalities on day 10. Dose-dependent alterations in serum biochemistry were noted upon dosing. Several histopathological alterations were observed in the kidney and liver, which vindicated the toxic potentials of FFC. The residual FFC and florfenicol amine (FFA) accrual, depletion and oxidative stress responses, such as increased malondialdehyde, total nitric oxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power and reduced glutathione S-transferase activity, were documented. The dietary FFC persuaded the physiological state of O. niloticus, the effects of which normalized sparsely with time upon cessation of dosing at the higher doses. The study provided a brief outlook on the physiological responses upon oral FFC administration, which should be kept in mind during its application for fish health safety purposes.

/pdf/impacts-of-oral-florfenicol-medication-and-residues-on-the-294x0npy.pdf

Impacts of Oral Florfenicol Medication and Residues on the Kidney and Liver of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Silymarin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Enhances Antioxidant Defense System Capacity in Cadmium-Treated Mice.

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Silymarin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Enhances Antioxidant Defense System Capacity in Cadmium-Treated Mice.