Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

The solution of high dimensional function has always been a hot topic. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on Kernel Fuzzy C-means and dolphin swarm algorithm are proposed to solve high-dimensional functions more accurately. First, to improve the global convergence ability of dolphin swarm algorithm, Kernel Fuzzy C-means is introduced into the algorithm, named as Kernel Fuzzy C-means dolphin swarm algorithm (KFCDSA); Second, the five typical high-dimensional functions are applied to test the performance of the combination of KFCDSA. Finally, some indicators are used to evaluate the performance of different meta-heuristic algorithms. The results show that: the performance of the proposed algorithm exceeds that of the dolphin swarm algorithm and some advanced metaheuristic algorithms considered for comparison based on five different evaluating indicators. Through the test results, it can be concluded that introducing Kernel Fuzzy C-means into dolphin swarm algorithm is an effective improvement and provides a possibility for obtaining global optimal solutions for high-dimensional functions.

/pdf/an-improved-dolphin-swarm-algorithm-based-on-kernel-fuzzy-c-48ytpok0d0.pdf

An Improved Dolphin Swarm Algorithm Based on Kernel Fuzzy C-Means in the Application of Solving the Optimal Problems of Large-Scale Function

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the recently developed multi-community meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm (SSOA), in layout optimization of truss structures. The SSOA is inspired by mimicking the behavior of shepherd in nature. In this algorithm, agents are first divided into communities which are called herd and then optimization process, inspired by the shepherd’s behavior in nature, is operated on each community. The new position of agents is obtained using elitism technique. Then communities are merged for sharing the information. The results of SSOA in layout optimization show that SSOA is competitive with other considered meta-heuristic algorithms.

/pdf/size-layout-optimization-of-truss-structures-using-shuffled-4ruhtmavml.pdf

Size/Layout Optimization of Truss Structures Using Shuffled Shepherd Optimization Method

In this study, the Modified Dolphin Monitoring (MDM) operator is used to enhance the performance of some metaheuristic algorithms. The MDM is a recently presented operator that controls the population dispersion in each iteration. Algorithms are selected from some well-established algorithms. Here, this operator is applied on Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Vibrating Particles System (VPS), Enhanced Vibrating Particles System (EVPS), Colliding Bodied Optimization (CBO) and Harmony Search (HS) and the performance of these algorithms are evaluated with and without this operator on three well-known structural optimization problems. The results show the performance of this operator on these algorithms for the best, the worst, average and average weight of the first quarter of answers.

/pdf/performance-of-the-modified-dolphin-monitoring-operator-for-1ye03t52co.pdf

Performance of the Modified Dolphin Monitoring Operator for Weight Optimization of Skeletal Structures

In structural design of steel frames, in order to achieve proper safety, the effect of uncertainties in the design and loading parameters of the structure must be considered. This approach is obtained by defining a reliability index. In this study, the Modified Dolphin Monitoring (MDM) operator was used to evaluate the reliability index of three well-known steel frame structures based on the Hasofer-Lind method. The reliability index was evaluated using the EVPS and VPS algorithms and with considering the MDM operator on them. The constraint of the last story drift is considered as limit state function. The random variables consist of external loads, modulus of elasticity, moment of inertia and cross-sectional areas. According to the number of evaluations of the limit state function, the results show the efficiency of this method in comparison to the Monte Carlo simulation method. Also, the values of the most probable point (MPP) are examined.

/pdf/heuristic-operator-for-reliability-assessment-of-frame-54zb63na8p.pdf

Heuristic Operator for Reliability Assessment of Frame Structures

Determining the optimum placement of braces in steel frames has always been one of the most challenging issues in structural engineering. In this paper, the size and placement of the X-braces in planar frame structures is determined in a way that the total weight of the braced frames becomes minimum, while satisfying the design requirements and constraints. Variables of the optimization contain the cross sections for beams, columns, and X-braces as well as the placement of these braces in the frames. Attempt has also been made to consider all the constraints of an actual design problem. One of the other objectives of this study is to investigate the effect of including or excluding some of the constraints affecting the optimization of the planar frame design. For this purpose, the Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) and CBO-MDM algorithms have been utilized. Modified Dolphin Monitoring (MDM) operator is recently developed for improving the performance of the metaheuristic algorithms. Here, this operator is utilized to enhance the performance of the CBO algorithm to optimize the weight of the frames. For additional comparison of the results, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) are used.

/pdf/layout-optimization-of-planar-braced-frames-using-modified-4h46er9lay.pdf

Layout Optimization of Planar Braced Frames Using Modified Dolphin Monitoring Operator

Increasing attention in quantitative and qualitative models has been paid to the dominant velocity pulse of the pulse-like ground motions. Manual trial and error approach for fitting of time history and response spectrum of the actual record and simulated pulse has been employed to obtain pulse parameters of these models. In this study, a mathematical model and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) are used to overcome the limitations of the previous studies. For this purpose, an objective function is defined as the norm deviation of the time history and response spectrum of the actual record and simulated pulse. The proposed approach is capable of identifying and extracting the dominant pulse of any pulse-like record, and consists of 91 pulse-like records used in this study. In all of 91 records, the highest accordance with time history and elastic response spectrum of actual records and extracted pulses is achieved. As a case study, the extracted pulses of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are used to generate artificial pulse-like records. The dynamic responses of the 3-story moment frame in SAC project subjected to generated records are investigated. The results show that the proposed approach can be used in parametric studies of pulse-like ground motions.

Quantitative Modeling of Pulse-Like Ground Motions Using Imperialist Competitive Optimization Algorithm

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Layout Optimization of Planar Braced Frames Using Modified Dolphin Monitoring Operator

Quantitative Modeling of Pulse-Like Ground Motions Using Imperialist Competitive Optimization Algorithm