Natural dyes have been used from ancient times for multiple purposes, most importantly in the field of textile dying. The increasing demand and excessive costs of natural dye extraction engendered the discovery of synthetic dyes from petrochemical compounds. Nowadays, they are dominating the textile market, with nearly 8 × 105 tons produced per year due to their wide range of color pigments and consistent coloration. Textile industries consume huge amounts of water in the dyeing processes, making it hard to treat the enormous quantities of this hazardous wastewater. Thus, they have harmful impacts when discharged in non-treated or partially treated forms in the environment (air, soil, plants and water), causing several human diseases. In the present work we focused on synthetic dyes. We started by studying their classification which depended on the nature of the manufactured fiber (cellulose, protein and synthetic fiber dyes). Then, we mentioned the characteristics of synthetic dyes, however, we focused more on their negative impacts on the ecosystem (soil, plants, water and air) and on humans. Lastly, we discussed the applied physical, chemical and biological strategies solely or in combination for textile dye wastewater treatments. Additionally, we described the newly established nanotechnology which achieves complete discharge decontamination.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6255/pdf

Diversity of Synthetic Dyes from Textile Industries, Discharge Impacts and Treatment Methods

Industries generating wastewater with elevated concentrations of pollutants (e.g. metals, dyes, phenolic compounds, anions, etc.) need specialized atreatment systems. Adsorption is one of the most extensively applied techniques for the removal of pollutants from the industrial effluents. The prominent and emerging trend of subjecting biosorbent in the adsorption technology is mainly because of their natural existence, abundance, renewable, biodegradable and economic features. The adsorption isotherm equations used to describe the experimental data and the thermodynamic assumptions of the models often provide some insight into the sorption mechanism, the surface properties and affinity of the biosorbent. This paper presents a state of the art on the review of adsorption isotherm models in an exhaustive manner on the basis of two, three, four and five parameters respectively. Focuses on the various sources of agricultural byproducts as biosorbents and describes on the potential applications of different adsorption isotherm models for the evaluation of the wastewater pollutants biosorption. It is evident from the literature survey that various adsorption isotherm models have been considered under study by the researchers but mostly two and three parameter isotherm model were best fitted the equilibrium data. This paper reviews the adsorption isotherm models on the basis of parameters that can be applied for exploring a novel biosorbents.

Relevance of isotherm models in biosorption of pollutants by agricultural byproducts

Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red from aqueous solution by coffee waste modified with polyethylenimine was investigated. The removal percentages of both dyes increased with amount of polyethyleneimine in the modified adsorbent. Characterization revealed that polyethyleneimine modification improved the adsorbent surface chemistry, while slight improvement of adsorbent textural properties was also observed. The adsorbent’s excellent performance was demonstrated by high removal percentages towards the anionic dyes in most experimental runs. The modelling result showed that anionic dyes adsorption occurred via monolayer adsorption, and chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. The adsorbent possesses higher maximum adsorption capacity towards Reactive Black 5 (77.52 mg/g) than Congo Red (34.36 mg/g), due to the higher number of functional groups in Reactive Black 5 that interact with the adsorbent. This study reveals the potential of adsorbent derived from coffee waste in textile wastewater treatment. Furthermore, surface chemistry modification is proven as an effective strategy to enhance the performance of biowaste-derived adsorbents.

/pdf/effective-removal-of-anionic-textile-dyes-using-adsorbent-3osgwyakq6.pdf

Effective removal of anionic textile dyes using adsorbent synthesized from coffee waste.

Adsorption of anionic dyes on spent tea leaves modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI-STL)

Agricultural wastes products are quite commonly distributed as the result of agricultural practices. They are inexpensive and subject to biodegradable. Agricultural waste is a good source for the adsorption of the dyes generated during the textile processing. For the process of adsorption, agricultural waste products are used as natural or in the modified form through activation process. This review article focuses on the various sources of the agricultural waste products and its adsorption capacity of the different dyes. Signifying the potential of the use of agricultural wastes products for removing off the toxic dye substances from the effluent discharging into the water bodies.

Sequestration of dye from textile industry wastewater using agricultural waste products as adsorbents

Removal of Acid Orange 7 and Remazol Black 5 reactive dyes from aqueous solutions using a novel biosorbent

Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams using a hydrolysable tannin, also vulgarly called tannic acid, namely here commercial chestnut wood tannin extract was prepared. Compression strength did not appear to depend on the foam apparent density while the formulation composition of the NIPU foams has been shown to be more determinant. These NIPU foams appeared to be self-extinguishing once the high temperature flame is removed. The ignition time gave encouraging results but for improved fire resistance the foams may need some fire-retardant addition. FTIR spectrometry showed the formation of non-isocyanate urethane linkages. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a good thermal resistance of these foams, with thermal degradation following four phases. First in the interval 25°C–120°C range, mainly evaporation of water occurs with a maximal loss of 10% weight. In the 150°C–450°C temperature range foams mass loss is of almost 70%. In particular in the 125°C–275°C range occurs the degradation of some small molecular weight substances. In the 500°C–790°C temperature range the foams do not present any further large degradation. 

Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams Based on Hydrolysable Tannins

In this study the potential of canola stalks to ramove of reactive Remazol Black B from artificial aqueous solution were studied. Adsorption isotherm study using various concentrations showed that the Remazol Black B absorption was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, but Langmuir model with a higher correlation coefficient was better fitted than Freundlich model. Using Langmuir model, the highest adsorption capacity was found 32.8 mg/g. Kinetic study showed that the adsorption of RBB of canola stalks obeyed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of canola stalks was higher than that obtained for other lignocelluloses raw materials, and it could be applied as a cost-effective absorbent for treatment of wastewater containing of Remazol Black B.

http://jcst.icrc.ac.ir/article_76002_dfacc5378152b47f43fe0bdc6b9d7bcd.pdf

Removal of Reactive Remazol Black B from Contaminated Water by Lignocellulosic Waste of Canola Stalks

/pdf/application-of-canola-stalkswaste-as-adsorbent-of-acid-3ckhpj6187.pdf

Application of canola stalkswaste as adsorbent of acid orange 7 fromaqueous solution

The potential of canola stalks for the absorption of Remazol Black B reactive dye from artificial aqueous solution was studied. The results indicated that the absorption efficiency increased with decreasing pH and temperature. Moreover, absorption capacity increased with increasing dye concentration in solution. Absorption rate of Remazol Black B on the canola stalks was fairly rapid and the equilibrium state was reached within 20 minutes in all experiments. Using various concentrations, absorption isotherm study showed that the Remazol Black B dye absorption is well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Langmuir model (R>0.99) was better fitted than Freundlich model (R>0.98). The constants of Langmuir and Freundlich models were calculated and the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 32.8 mg/g which is an acceptable value compared to other studied adsorbents.

Utilization of canola stalks in the decolorization of reactive dye contaminated water

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