Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has a number of vital functions in all cells, both mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial. In addition to its key role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, CoQ10 serves as a lipid soluble antioxidant and plays an important role in fatty acid beta-oxidation and pyrimidine and lysosomal metabolism, as well as directly mediating the expression of a number of genes, including those involved in inflammation. Due to the multiplicity of roles in cell function, it is not surprising that a deficiency in CoQ10 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders. CoQ10 deficiency is broadly divided into primary and secondary types. Primary CoQ10 deficiency results from mutations in genes involved in the CoQ10 biosynthetic pathway. In man, at least 10 genes are required for the biosynthesis of functional CoQ10, a mutation in any one of which can result in a deficit in CoQ10 status. Patients may respond well to oral CoQ10 supplementation, although the condition must be recognised sufficiently early, before irreversible tissue damage has occurred. In this article, we have reviewed clinical studies (up to March 2023) relating to the identification of these deficiencies, and the therapeutic outcomes of CoQ10 supplementation; we have attempted to resolve the disparities between previous review articles regarding the usefulness or otherwise of CoQ10 supplementation in these disorders. In addition, we have highlighted several of the potential problems relating to CoQ10 supplementation in primary CoQ10 deficiency, as well as identifying unresolved issues relating to these disorders that require further research.

Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: An Update

Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized our understanding of complex diseases, with Alzheimer’s disease being a prime example. Single-cell sequencing, currently the most suitable technology, facilitates profoundly detailed disease analysis at the cellular level. Prior research has established that the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease varies across different brain regions and cell types. In parallel, only machine learning has the capacity to address the myriad challenges presented by such studies, where the integration of large-scale data and numerous experiments is required to extract meaningful knowledge. Our methodology utilizes single-cell RNA sequencing data from healthy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) samples, focused on the cortex and hippocampus regions in mice. We designed three distinct case studies and implemented an ensemble feature selection approach through machine learning, also performing an analysis of distinct age-related datasets to unravel age-specific effects, showing differential gene expression patterns within each condition. Important evidence was reported, such as enrichment in central nervous system development and regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation between the hippocampus and cortex of 6-month-old AD mice as well as regulation of epinephrine secretion and dendritic spine morphogenesis in 15-month-old AD mice. Our outcomes from all three of our case studies illustrate the capacity of machine learning strategies when applied to single-cell data, revealing critical insights into Alzheimer’s disease.

Machine Learning Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data across Cortex and Hippocampus Regions

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenously synthesized lipid molecule. It is best known for its role as a cofactor within the mitochondrial respiratory chain where it functions in electron transfer and ATP synthesis. However, there are many other cellular pathways that also depend on the CoQ10 supply (redox homeostasis, ferroptosis and sulfide oxidation). The CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway consists of several enzymes, which are encoded by the nuclear DNA. The majority of these enzymes are responsible for modifications of the CoQ-head group (benzoquinone ring). Only three enzymes (PDSS1, PDSS2 and COQ2) are required for assembly and attachment of the polyisoprenoid side chain. The head-modifying enzymes may assemble into resolvable domains, representing COQ complexes. During the last two decades, numerous inborn errors in CoQ10 biosynthesis enzymes have been identified. Thus far, 11 disease genes are known (PDSS1, PDSS2, COQ2, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ8A, COQ8B, COQ9 and HPDL). Disease onset is highly variable and ranges from the neonatal period to late adulthood. CoQ10 deficiency exerts detrimental effects on the nervous system. Potential consequences are neuronal death, neuroinflammation and cerebral gliosis. Clinical features include encephalopathy, regression, movement disorders, epilepsy and intellectual disability. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most important tool for diagnostic evaluation of neurological damage in individuals with CoQ10 deficiency. However, due to the rarity of the different gene defects, information on disease manifestations within the central nervous system is scarce. This review aims to provide an overview of brain MRI patterns observed in primary CoQ10 biosynthesis disorders and to highlight disease-specific findings.

/pdf/neuroimaging-in-primary-coenzyme-q10-deficiency-disorders-2gw2qi7u.pdf

Neuroimaging in Primary Coenzyme-Q10-Deficiency Disorders

Objective: The classification of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is based on genetics, and the number of genetic loci continues to increase with new genetic descriptions. Additionally, the number of new variants in known mutations continues to increase. In this paper, we aim to report our experience with genetically confirmed HSPs. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 10 consecutive children with genetically confirmed HSPs. Results: In this study, we identified six novel mutations, including spastic paraplegia 11 (SPG11), glucosylceramidase beta 2 (GBA2), chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12), 1 in each of the Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 (CYP7B1) genes, and two different mutations in the intropomyosin-receptor kinase fused gene (TFG) gene. We also identified different clinical phenotypes associated with known mutations. Conclusions: Heterozygous mutations with GBA2 and SPG11 mutation-related HSP are reported for the first time, expanding the known inheritance patterns. We report a novel homozygous chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) mutation resulting in iron accumulation in the brain, broadening the genetic variants and clinical findings. We determine the first Turkish patients with carnitine palmitoyltransferase IC (CPT1C) and TFG gene mutation-related pure HSP. A pure form of HSP with two novel TFG gene mutations is also identified for the first time. We report the first Turkish patient with kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene, broadening the clinical spectrum of KIDINS220 variant-related disorders to encompass certain HSPs. Moreover, a novel variant in the oxysterol7-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) gene is reported, expanding the genetic variants and clinical findings relating to SPG5. 

Children with Genetically Confirmed Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Single-Center Experience

A novel homozygous HPDL variant in Japanese siblings with autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia: case report and literature review

There are recent reports of associations of variants in the HPDL gene with a hereditary neurological disease that presents with a wide spectrum of clinical severity, ranging from severe neonatal encephalopathy with no psychomotor development to adolescent-onset uncomplicated spastic paraplegia. Here, we report two probands from unrelated families presenting with severe and intermediate variations of the clinical course. A homozygous variant in the HPDL gene was detected in each proband; however, there was no known parental consanguinity. We also highlight reductions in citrate synthase and mitochondrial complex I activity detected in both probands in different tissues, reflecting the previously proposed mitochondrial nature of disease pathogenesis associated with HPDL mutations. Further, we speculate on the functional consequences of the detected variants, although the function and substrate of the HPDL enzyme are currently unknown.

/pdf/case-report-two-families-with-hpdl-related-neurodegeneration-2ik1dmot.pdf

Case Report: Two Families With HPDL Related Neurodegeneration

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Case Report: Two Families With HPDL Related Neurodegeneration