Detoxification of Heavy Metals: State of Art.- Plants in Heavy Metal Soils.- Functional Significance of Metal Ligands in Hyperaccumulating Plants: What do We Know?.- Progress in Phytoremidiating Heavy-metal Contaminated Soils.- Plant Taxonomy and Metal Phytoremediation.- Reclamation of Contaminated Mine Ponds using Marble Wastes, Organic Amendments and Phytoremediation.- The Role of Membrane Transport in the Detoxification and Accumulation of Zinc in Plants.- Initial Steps of Copper Detoxification: Outside and Inside of the Plant Cell.- Arsenic Tolerance and Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants.- Cadmium Metal Detoxification and Hyperaccumulators.- Transport, Accumulation and Physiological Effects of Vanadium.- Microbial Remediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soil.- Fate of Cadmium in Calcareous Soils under Salinity Conditions.- Organellar Proteomics: A High-Throughput Approach for Obtaining a better Understanding of Heavy Metal Accumulation and Detoxification in Plants.- Sulfur Metabolism as a Support System for Plant Heavy Metal Tolerance.- Cd(II)-activated Synthesis of Phytochelatins.- Tolerance, Accumulation and Detoxification Mechanism of Copper in Elsholtzia splendens.- Role of Aquatic Macrophytes in Biogeochemical Cycling of Heavy Metals - Relevance to Soil - Sediment Continuum Detoxification and Ecosystem Health.- Role of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Fungi in Heavy Metal Detoxification.- Detoxification of Heavy Metals From Soils Through Sugar Crops.- Detoxification of Heavy Metals Using Earthworms.- Heavy Metal Stabilization by Promoting Zeolite Synthesis in Soil.

Detoxification of heavy metals

Effects of nanomolar copper on water plants - comparison of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of deficiency and sublethal toxicity under environmentally relevant conditions

Overuse of fungicides and fertilizers has resulted in copper (Cu) contamination of soils and toxic levels of Cu in apple fruits To breed Cu-resistant apple (Malus domestica) cultivars, the underlying molecular mechanisms and key genes involved in Cu resistance must be identified Here, we show that MdWRKY11 increases Cu tolerance by directly promoting the transcription of MdHMA5 MdHMA5 is a Cu transporter that may function in the storage of excess Cu in root cell walls and stems for Cu tolerance in apple The transcription factor MdWRKY11 is highly induced by excess Cu MdWRKY11 overexpression in transgenic apple enhanced Cu tolerance and decreased Cu accumulation Apple calli transformed with an MdWRKY11-RNAi construct exhibited the opposite phenotype Both an in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that MdWRKY11 binds to the promoter of MdHMA5 Furthermore, MdWRKY11 promoted MdHMA5 expression in transgenic apple plants, as revealed by quantitative PCR Moreover, inhibition of MdWRKY11 expression by RNA interference led to a significant decrease in MdHMA5 transcription Thus, MdWRKY11 directly regulates MdHMA5 transcription Our work resulted in the identification of a novel MdWRKY11-MdHMA5 pathway that mediates Cu resistance in apple

/pdf/mdwrky11-improves-copper-tolerance-by-directly-promoting-the-4ft2o099ux.pdf

MdWRKY11 improves copper tolerance by directly promoting the expression of the copper transporter gene MdHMA5.

The effects of copper and zinc salts on transgenic canola plants expressing rice transcription factor (TF) OsMYB4 were investigated. Transgenic plants (TPs), which showed a high OsMyb4 expression in response to either Cu or to Zn excess, were used for the current study. In leaves of TPs, the content of Cu was equal and the content of Zn was significantly higher than in non-transformed plants (NTPs). The TPs grown on an extremely high concentration of heavy metals (HMs; 150 μМ CuSO4 or 5 000 μМ ZnSO4) were able to survive for more than 15 d, while NTPs died after 7 - 9 d of incubation. This indicates that expression of OsMyb4 in canola plants improved their HM tolerance. The TPs tolerance to HMs was confirmed by a higher shoot biomass than that in NTPs. Excess of HMs caused oxidative stress (indicated by increase in malondialdehyde content) especially in leaves of NTPs. This data suggests a protective role of the OsMyb4 TF in oxidative stress. The HMs caused a lower decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase in TPs than in NTPs. Higher tolerance of TPs to HMs was also suggested by a considerable increase in the content of low-molecular phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and anthocyanins, as well as proline (a potential antioxidant and chaperone). These data suggest that OsMYB4 may play a role as a positive regulator of phenylpropanoid pathway and proline synthesis. The created canola OsMyb4 TPs may be useful for future applications in phytoremediation of HM-polluted soils.

/pdf/expression-of-rice-osmyb4-transcription-factor-improves-10y670pk0p.pdf

Expression of rice OsMyb4 transcription factor improves tolerance to copper or zinc in canola plants.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate if increased Cu and Zn concentrations in soils, as a consequence of distribution at the field level for 10 consecutive years of pig slurry (PS) and pig deep litter (DL), would cause toxicity to maize plants affecting, in turn, the biomass production and grain yield. With this aim, maize was grown in two cycles in undisturbed samples from soil that had been fertilized with annual applications of 90 or 180 kg N ha−1, either as PS or DL, in a field experiment carried out for 10 years in southern Brazil. The PS180 and DL180 treatments resulted in Cu and Zn accumulation in soil, and PS180 resulted in Zn accumulation in the tissue of maize plants. The increased availability of Cu and Zn was associated to slight changes in stomatal density, chlorophyll content, and catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Nevertheless, soluble carbohydrate and protein contents and plant dry matter accumulation were not significantly affected by exposure of plants to those high levels of either metal. The results here presented indicate that, although successive applications of PS and DL resulted in a really considerable increase of Cu and Zn in the soils, they do not cause toxic effects in maize plants as to impair their ability to produce biomass and grain.

Physiological Changes in Maize Grown in Soil with Copper and Zinc Accumulation Resulting from the Addition of Pig Slurry and Deep Litter over 10 Years

The analysis of modern data about the mechanisms of copper detoxification and regulation of its homeostasis in plant cells under conditions of its excess in ambient medium is presented. Copper (Cu) is most toxic heavy metal, which trace amounts are required to sustain plant life (so-called essential elements), but its high concentrations cause plant death. In plants, copper occurs in reduced (Cu+) and oxidized (Cu2+) states, and also as nanoparticles of metallic copper. In the cytoplasm of the plant cell, free Cu ions are essentially absent, which indicates functioning of the efficient system of its detoxification. This system comprises phytochelatins, metallothioneins, metallochaperons, and membrane transporters. The emphasis is on discussion of poorly studied problem of copper ion detoxification in the apoplast. It is demonstrated that apoplastic Cu pool may comprise a great, sometimes dominating part of Cu absorbed by the plant, especially at its excess in medium. Chemical and structural changes occurring in the cell wall under the influence of excessive Cu concentrations allow consideration of the cell wall as an important component of the system of plant adaptation to copper. Discussing current methods and approaches used for quantification of apoplastic and symplastic copper pools has a significant place in the review. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi producing an extraradical mycelium in metal ion immobilization is considered. Finally, few available experimental data concerning the effects of metallic copper nanoparticles on plants are discussed.

Initial Steps of Copper Detoxification: Outside and Inside of the Plant Cell

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Initial Steps of Copper Detoxification: Outside and Inside of the Plant Cell