The current status of the use of luminescent nanoparticles for thermometry in animal models is reviewed in detail. The different types of luminescent nanoparticles capable of deep tissue temperature sensing are described, paying special attention to the physical mechanisms at the root of their thermal sensing capacity. Their thermal sensitivities are listed and compared. This review describes the most relevant experiments, in which luminescence nanothermometry has been successfully applied at the small animal level, including the development of controlled thermal therapies as well as subtissue diagnosis procedures. Advantages and disadvantages of different luminescent nanothermometers are discussed.

In Vivo Luminescence Nanothermometry: from Materials to Applications

Laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) is a hyperthermic procedure recently employed to treat cancer in several organs. The amount of coagulated tissue depends on the temperature distribution around the applicator, which plays a crucial role for an optimal outcome: the removal of the whole neoplastic tissue, whilst preventing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. Although feedback concerning tissue temperature could be useful to drive the physician in the adjustment of laser settings and treatment duration, LITT is usually performed without real-time monitoring of tissue temperature. During recent decades, many thermometric techniques have been developed to be used during thermal therapies. This paper provides an overview of techniques and sensors employed for temperature measurement during tissue hyperthermia, focusing on LITT, and an investigation of their performances in this application. The paper focuses on the most promising and widespread temperature monitoring techniques, splitting them in...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/02656736.2013.832411

Techniques for temperature monitoring during laser-induced thermotherapy: an overview.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a well-known, effective, and safe method for treating benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers Thyroid-dedicated devices and basic techniques for thyroid RFA were introduced by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) in 2012 Thyroid RFA has now been adopted worldwide, with subsequent advances in devices and techniques To optimize the treatment efficacy and patient safety, understanding the basic and advanced RFA techniques and selecting the optimal treatment strategy are critical The goal of this review is to therefore provide updates and analysis of current devices and advanced techniques for RFA treatment of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers

/pdf/thyroid-radiofrequency-ablation-updates-on-innovative-3lvv1d780y.pdf

Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation: Updates on Innovative Devices and Techniques

The dependence of computed tomography (CT) values on temperature has been pointed out by several authors since the late 1970s. They emphasised the importance of this phenomenon on the calibration process with water equivalent phantoms of the CT scanners. Few years later the potential of CT thermometry for non-invasive temperature mapping during thermal procedures was investigated. The interest on the employment of this technique during thermal treatments has been recently renewed with the improvement of modern CT scanner performances and with the increased popularity of minimally invasive thermal techniques for cancer treatment. A good thermometry allows avoiding unintended damage of the healthy tissues during the procedure by providing a detailed tissue temperature distribution; therefore, it is recommended in order to achieve good effectiveness of the thermal treatment. Researchers have been working on this issue for more than four decades and different non-invasive solutions have been proposed, i.e., microwave thermal imaging, infrared (IR)-, ultrasound-, magnetic-resonance (MR)-, and CT-based thermometry. This review aims to summarise the essential physics and the currently available data on CT-based thermometry and to elucidate the potential use of this technique during thermal procedures. Background information on measuring principle, an investigation of the performances achieved by this technique and the thermal sensitivity of the CT-number of different organs are provided and discussed.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/02656736.2014.922221

CT-based thermometry: an overview.

Microwave thermal ablation (MTA) is a minimally invasive therapeutic technique aimed at destroying pathologic tissues through a very high temperature increase induced by the absorption of an electromagnetic field at microwave (MW) frequencies. Open problems, which are delaying MTA applications in clinical practice, are mainly linked to the extremely high temperatures, up to 120 °C, reached by the tissue close to the antenna applicator, as well as to the ability of foreseeing and controlling the shape and dimension of the thermally ablated area. Recent research was devoted to the characterisation of dielectric, thermal and physical properties of tissue looking at their changes with the increasing temperature, looking for possible developments of reliable, automatic and personalised treatment planning. In this paper, a review of the recently obtained results as well as new unpublished data will be presented and discussed.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02656736.2016.1214883

Treatment planning in microwave thermal ablation: clinical gaps and recent research advances

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to establish non-invasive CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation in an ex vivo porcine model followed by transfer of the technique into a feasibility in vivo experiment.Materials and methods: Bipolar RF ablations were performed in 10 specimens of porcine liver. Parallel to the needle-shaped RF applicator three optical temperature probes were inserted into the liver specimens at fixed distances of 5, 10 and 15 mm from the RF probe. During energy application (20 W) unenhanced sequential MSCT scans were acquired using the following scan protocol: 140 kV tube voltage, 300 mAs/rotation tube current time product, collimation 24 × 1.2 mm, rotation time 0.5 s. Axial image data was reconstructed using a soft tissue convolution kernel. Temperature data was recorded during every CT scan. Using a circular 0.5 cm2 region of interest local CT values were measured at the tips of the temperature probes and matched with the measured temperatures. Regr...

CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic RF ablation: feasibility in an animal model.

Purpose: To investigate the potential of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) as a tool for non-invasive temperature measurement.Materials and methods: Samples of water, 0.9% saline, sunflower oil and dilutions of (1:32, 1:64, 1:128) contrast agent (Iopromid 370, BayerSchering Pharma, Berlin) were heated in a plexiglass phantom. In a first set-up, samples of 0.9% saline solution were scanned at defined temperatures (25°–75°C; 5°C intervals) using a clinical CT scanner. Scan parameters (tube current–time product, tube voltage, collimation, slice thickness) were systematically varied. In a second set-up samples of the different fluids (water, sunflower oil, contrast agent dilutions) were scanned using the following scan protocol: 250 mAs, 140 kV, 1.2 mm collimation, 9.6 mm slice thickness. CT numbers were measured in reconstructed axial images at the different temperatures. A regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between temperature and CT number.Results: Standard deviation of ...

Multi-slice computed tomography: A tool for non-invasive temperature measurement?

BackgroundRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver tumors is a mainstay of interventional oncology. Its application, however, is limited by tumor size and location with lesions located within 1 cm to the gallbladder being at increased risk for complications.PurposeTo evaluate the safety of hepatic RFA after bile aspiration with or without additional hydrodissection for lesions adjacent to the gallbladder.Material and MethodsSix patients undergoing RFA of tumors with a distance of less than 1 cm to the gallbladder were retrospectively identified from a computer database. All patients underwent RFA combined with percutaneous bile aspiration from the gallbladder. In four patients additional hydrodissection was performed. Technical success and post-interventional complications were assessed by reviewing images and patient charts.ResultsAblations were successfully completed in 5/6 patients. In one patient with incomplete ablation re-ablation was performed 2 months after the initial procedure. Minor complications...

Bile aspiration and hydrodissection to prevent complications in hepatic RFA close to the gallbladder

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CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic RF ablation: feasibility in an animal model.

Multi-slice computed tomography: A tool for non-invasive temperature measurement?

Bile aspiration and hydrodissection to prevent complications in hepatic RFA close to the gallbladder