The conflict between science and the Bible, between Science and Christianity, or between “reason” and “faith” in broader terms, is an old one. Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century and the publication of Origin of Species, Christians have been on the defensive. And they have been on the defensive because they have accepted and believed the myth that science furnishes truth. Sad to say, most Christians have not kept up with the battle and still cling to the idea that there are at least two roads to truth: science and the Scripture. Consequently, they spend most of their time trying to reconcile science and Scripture in such a way as not to offend the “reason” of the natural man. In so doing, in accepting the premise that science is a cognitive enterprise that, properly pursued, leads to truth, these Christians have been doing a disservice to truth and to Christianity.

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

The food and water we consume are often contaminated with a range of chemicals and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury, that are associated with numerous diseases. Although heavy-metal exposure and contamination are not a recent phenomenon, the concentration of metals and the exposure to populations remain major issues despite efforts at remediation. The ability to prevent and manage this problem is still a subject of much debate, with many technologies ineffective and others too expensive for practical large-scale use, especially for developing nations where major pollution occurs. This has led researchers to seek alternative solutions for decontaminating environmental sites and humans themselves. A number of environmental microorganisms have long been known for their ability to bind metals, but less well appreciated are human gastrointestinal bacteria. Species such as Lactobacillus, present in the human mouth, gut, and vagina and in fermented foods, have the ability to bind and detoxify some of these substances. This review examines the current understanding of detoxication mechanisms of lactobacilli and how, in the future, humans and animals might benefit from these organisms in remediating environmental contamination of food.

Bioremediation and Tolerance of Humans to Heavy Metals through Microbial Processes: a Potential Role for Probiotics?

A simple agar plating method for the description of microbial communities is described. This method is based on the quantification of the numbers of bacterial colonies in 6–7 age-based classes as they appear on agar media over a period of 6–10 days. The method can be used to quantify microbial communities in different habitats (roots and soil) and can be related to the ecophysiology of the microbial communities present. Significant differences in distribution patterns were found in time and depth on the roots. In general, as roots matured, the microbial communities changed from one dominated by r-strategists to one that was more distributed towards K-strategists. The soil had the greatest percentage of organisms that could be characterized as K-strategists. The method was also used to compare microbial communities on wheat roots and in soil in both the field and in microcosms in the glasshouse. In general, the method enabled differentiation between r- and K-strategists in environmental samples, something that could not be done using an ecophysiological index (a modification of the Shannon diversity index) or total bacterial numbers alone.

The use of colony development for the characterization of bacterial communities in soil and on roots.

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge.

This article on regional economic diversity addresses several issues: (1) theoretical foundations for arguments forwarding increased economic diversity as a development goal, (2) common empirical measures of economic diversity, and (3) empirical literature on economic diversity and its effect on regional economic stability. This examination of the literature suggests four main directions in which future research on regional economic diversity could go. First, it is shown that research on the relationship between economic diversity and regional income distribution is scarce yet critical. Second, recent research suggests that applications of input-output analysis hold the potential for integrative research on issues related to economic diversity. Third, an examination of the local economic development literature indicates that regional scientists could use the concept of “diversified specializations” to classify economic regions and evaluate clusters. Fourth, the literature on ecological diversity suggests ...

Regional Economic Diversity and Regional Economic Stability: Research Results and Agenda

The spatial distribution of economic activity and sewer services, access roads to sites, lowhas been the subject of much theoretical study cost financing, and other public services. In during the last 150 years [11, 19, 20]. The two- addition, revenues may be foregone as a result state study which provides primary evidence of tax concessions effected through facility for this article is, to the authors' knowledge, lease-purchase contracts. All these costs reprethe first attempt to analyze statistically the sent investments by taxpayers of the commudeterminants of industrial location in rural nity. A serious research and policy objective, communities with an explicit objective of more then, is to provide local decisionmakers with enlightened public action at the local, state, systematic evidence of the effectiveness of aland federal levels.' ternative community actions and supporting state and federal government actions. Relevant research fits mainly into two catePROBLEM FORMULATION gories. The first and most common type explores the economic and social impact on the Federal and state agencies, voluntary organ- community of new locations or expansions of izations, private developers, and local govern- manufacturing industry. 2 The second and ments make enormous investments of time, almost totally neglected category examines effort, and money to create new employment the likelihood and probable magnitude of reopportunities designed to increase incomes of turns on these community investments in rural people. Most of these efforts, in one way terms of new locations or expansions of manuor another, have been directed toward manu- facturing employment and payroll. 3 Ifacturing employment. As of 1970, there were The authors address two specific items of in565 submetropolitan municipalities in Ken- formation germane to the decisions of comtucky and Tennessee. Of these, 174 (31%) had munities interested in industrial expansion: (1) acquired or optioned one or more industrial the probabilities of attracting one or more "acsites. These sites were made available to pros- ceptable" plants from the total set of manupective industrial clients either by nonprofit facturing industries and (2) the effects of alterorganizations or local government. Such ef- native community actions on the probabiliforts typically require additional local expendi- ties. 4 These items are also relevant to the detures to provide some combination of water sign of supporting state and federal programs.

/pdf/location-determinants-of-manufacturing-industry-in-rural-420ht1tqd9.pdf

Location Determinants of Manufacturing Industry in Rural Areas

Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate-sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small-employment-sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community-wide employment stability.

Economic Stability and Economic Growth in Rural Communities: Dimensions Relevant to Local Employment Creation Strategy

A linear probability function permits the estimation of the probability of the occurrence or non-occurrence of a discrete event. Nerlove and Press (p. 3â€“9) outline several statistical problems that arise if such a function is estimated via OLS. In particular, heteroskedasticity inherent in such a regression model leads to inefficient estimates of parameters (Amemiya 1973, Horn and Horn). Moreover, without restrictions on the conventional OLS model, probability estimates lying outside the unit (0â€“1) interval are possible (Nerlove and Press). Goldberger and Kmenta suggest two approaches for alleviating the heteroskedasticity problems inherent in the OLS regression model. Logit analysis will also alleviate heteroskedasticity problems and ensure that estimated probabilities will lie within the unit interval (Amemiya 1974, Hauck and Donner, Hill and Kau, Horn and Horn, Horn, Horn, and Duncan, Theil 1970).

/pdf/estimating-linear-probability-functions-a-comparison-of-rtcamcj1d5.pdf

Estimating linear probability functions: a comparison of approaches

A Modified Regression Base Multiplier Model

Marketing problems are viewed in relation to developmental objectives and conditions found in less-developed countries. Underdeveloped infrastructures, intersectorial relations, and developmental objectives may make transferability of developed country concepts and formulations to LDC's questionable. Market performance criteria should be logically related to strategic developmental variables.

Agricultural Marketing Research for Less-Developed Areas

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