Polymer chain extenders, commonly used in plastic production, have garnered increasing attention due to their potential environmental impacts. However, a comprehensive understanding of their ecological risks remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate toxicological profiles of ten commonly-used chain extenders. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these chain extenders (ranging from 0.1 µg L 

Polymer chain extenders induce significant toxicity through DAF-16 and SKN-1 pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans: A comparative analysis.

Polymer chain extenders, commonly used in plastic production, have garnered increasing attention due to their potential environmental impacts. However, a comprehensive understanding of their ecological risks remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate toxicological profiles of ten commonly-used chain extenders. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these chain extenders (ranging from 0.1 µg L-1 to 10 mg L-1) caused significant variations in toxicity. Lethality assays demonstrated the LC50 values ranged from 92.42 µg L-1 to 1553.65 mg L-1, indicating marked differences in acute toxicity. Sublethal exposures could inhibit nematodes' growth, shorten lifespan, and induce locomotor deficits, neuronal damage, and reproductive toxicity. Molecular analyses further elucidated the involvement of the DAF-16 and SKN-1 signaling pathways, as evidenced by upregulated expression of genes including ctl-1,2,3, sod-3, gcs-1, and gst-4. It implicates these pathways in mediating oxidative stress and toxicities induced by chain extenders. Particularly, hexamethylene diisocyanate and diallyl maleate exhibited markedly high toxicity among the chain extenders, as revealed through a comparative analysis of multiple endpoints. These findings demonstrate the remarkable ecotoxicological risks of polymer chain extenders, and suggest the need for more rigorous environmental safety assessments. 

Polymer Chain Extenders Induce Significant Toxicity Through Daf-16 and Skn-1 Pathways in Caenorhabditis Elegans: A Comparative Analysis

Technological interventions can play a significant role to keep optimal growing conditions in greenhouse industries with varying seasons and improve environmental performance by maintaining heating, cooling, and humidity levels. The research reported in this paper aims to integrate an Automated Climate Monitoring System (ACMS) for greenhouse in Ethiopia. Green- houses in Ethiopia require constant monitoring to properly maintain optimal climate conditions to grow plants all year round. To this end, they apply environment monitoring systems like timing devices, ON/OFF controllers and manual (human) monitoring which are prone to error. We propose a flexible ACMS prototype which can be applied without a user having the knowledge of how the system is made. The prototype system uses Advantech PC- cards and maintains the optimal climate condition (temperature, humidity and light intensity) of the greenhouses. Moreover, the easy to use graphical user interface provided by the system enables to combine the hardware and software functionalities for optimal manipulation of the environmental conditions. The system is centralized in that anyone can control several de- vices spread in the environment being monitored from one Computer. The performance of the system is found to be 88.89% which is “accurate and acceptable” result according to our confusion matrix. This indicates that better environmental supervision can be achieved when using the system. Moreover, the mean user acceptance (by the flower growers) of the ACMS and timing devices, ON/OFF implementations is 84.6% and 73.2%, respectively, highlighting the potential for integrating the ACMS into the greenhouse industry.

Automated Climate Monitoring System: the Case of Greenhouse Industries in Ethiopia

This research develops a rapid method for sampling and analysis of maleic anhydride (MA) in air using a one-step hollow fiber (HF) membrane in the liquid phase followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sampling chamber was prepared for sampling of MA with HF-supported de-ionized water absorbency. Several important parameters, such as sampling flow rate, sampling time, and breakthrough volume (BTV), were optimized at different concentrations using a central composite design. The results showed that sampling could be performed at the maximum period of 4 h with a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 for different concentrations (in the range of 0.05-2 mg m-3). The BTV was 240 mL. The relative standard deviations for the repeatability of interday and intraday were 7-10%, 10%, respectively, and the pooled standard deviation was 0.088. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values were 0.033 and 0.060 mg m-3, respectively. Moreover, our findings revealed that the samples could be stored in sealed HF flexible plastic tubes in a cover at refrigerator temperature (4°C) for up to 7 days. The HF method was compared with method number 3512 National Institute Occupational Safety and Health for determination of MA. There was a good correlation (R2 = 0.99) between the two methods at a concentration of 0.05 to 2 mg m-3 in the laboratory and the average concentration of MA for both methods was 0.11 mg m-3 in the ambient air at an adhesive manufacturer. Our findings indicated that the proposed HF can act as a reliable, rapid, and effective approach for sampling of MA in workplaces.

/pdf/development-of-membrane-hollow-fiber-for-determination-of-2flb5dr3m5.pdf

Development of Membrane Hollow Fiber for Determination of Maleic Anhydride in Ambient Air as a Field Sampler.

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Development of Membrane Hollow Fiber for Determination of Maleic Anhydride in Ambient Air as a Field Sampler.