Inhibition of Glucosyltransferase enzyme of Streptococcus mutans by natural products- A Literature Review

Background: Streptococcus mutans are involved in caries by forming biofilm polysaccharides through their glucosyl transferase enzymes. Natural plant extracts can inhibit glucosyl transferase production and bacterial activity. Endophytic fungi inside plant tissues can produce bioactive compounds similar to those produced by their host plants. Aim: Compare the inhibitory effect of rosemary endophytic fungal extract on S.mutans glucosyl transferase to rosemary and chlorhexidine and their effect on enamel microhardness. Methods: Glucosyltransferase was purified from S.mutans. The ability of the total metabolites and endophytic fungi extracted from rosemary to inhibit the purified glucosyltransferase compared to chlorhexidine and artificial saliva.13crowns of human molars were subdivided into 4 equal parts giving 4groups for microhardness and biofilm evaluation. The microhardness was evaluated at baseline and after treating the four subgroups using the rosemary extract, chlorhexidine, artificial saliva and endophytic fungal extract for 24and72h.The biofilm inhibition was tested using SEM after 24and72h. Results: Nine endophytic fungal strains were recovered from rosemary. Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger extracts showed positive inhibitory effect on glucosyltransferase 96.25%, 90.9%and81.74% respectively. While, those of rosemary extract, chlorhexidine and artificial saliva were 36.19%, 86.38%and0.27%. Chaetomium globosum extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in comparison to chlorhexidine and rosemary extract after 24and72h. The highest microhardness value for all groups was at baseline then microhardness decreased after24 and72h except for Chaetomium globosum and rosemary extract where microhardness increased after72h to be higher than that after24h. Conclusion : Endophytic fungal extract of rosemary can inhibit S.mutans glucosyltransferase and its biofilm formation where it can remineralize initial carious lesions.

Effect of Rosemary Endophytic Fungal Extract on Microhardness of Enamel and Its Inhibitory Effect on Glucosyltransferase Enzyme of Streptococcus mutans- An In Vitro Study

: Purpose : The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effectiveness of natural remineralizing agents (Ginger and Rosemary extracts) on initial enamel caries compared to sodium fluoride. Materials and methods: Thirty human extracted intact maxillary central incisors were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 3 groups of 10 teeth according to the remineralizing protocol used. Two Intervention groups and control group. Group 1 (n=10) teeth were treated with Rosemary remineralizing agent, Group 2 (n=10) teeth were treated with Ginger remineralizing agent and Group 3 (n=10) teeth were treated with sodium fluoride varnish. Laser fluorescence testing was done to all samples using (DIAGNOdent). Then artificial initial enamel caries was created by subjecting all samples to demineralizing solution for 4 days without stirring. Laser fluorescence was tested again after creation of the initial enamel caries. Then each group of samples were treated with one of the remineralizing agents. The agents were brushed to the labial surface. In between treatments the samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37 c to resemble the oral conditions. And finally, Laser fluorescence was assessed once again. Results : The comparison of Diagnodent values between groups shows that the highest mean value was recorded in ginger group (7.51±1.42). The comparison of difference and percent change in Diagnodent values between groups shows that the greatest increase was recorded in Ginger group (median =2.16), followed by Rosemary (median= 0.84), then sodium fluoride (median= -0.7). The difference between Ginger and Sodium fluoride groups was statistically significant (p=0.014), Regarding the percent change from baseline to D2, the greatest percent increase was recorded in Ginger group (median =61.85), followed by Rosemary (median= 19.3), then sodium fluoride (median= -14). The difference between Ginger and Sodium fluoride groups was statistically significant (p=0.017). Conclusion : early

Effectiveness of Natural Remineralizing Agents on Initial Enamel Caries: In Vitro Study

The purpose of the present in vitro study is to investigate and compare the remineralising potential of Moringa Oleifera extract, eggshell, and sodium fluoride varnish on microhardness of artificially demineralised enamel of primary teeth with biomimetic minimally invasive approach following the world paradigm shift towards natural products in paediatric dentistry. 

Enamel remineralisation prospect of Moringa Oleifera hydrogel, eggshell hydrogel versus sodium fluoride varnish on artificially demineralised primary teeth: in vitro study.

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Effectiveness of Natural Remineralizing Agents on Initial Enamel Caries: In Vitro Study

Enamel remineralisation prospect of Moringa Oleifera hydrogel, eggshell hydrogel versus sodium fluoride varnish on artificially demineralised primary teeth: in vitro study.