The intensive research in the fifth generation (5G) technology is a clear indication of technological revolution to meet the ever-increasing demand and needs for high speed communication as well as Internet of Thing (IoT) based applications. The timely upgradation in 5G technology standards is released by third generation partnership project (3GPP) which enables the researchers to refine the research objectives and contribute towards the development. The 5G technology will be supported by not only smartphones but also different IoT devices to provide different services like smart building, smart city, and many more which will require a 5G antenna with low latency, low path loss, and stable radiation pattern. This paper provides a comprehensive study of different antenna designs considering various 5G antenna design aspects like compactness, efficiency, isolation, etc. This review paper elaborates the state-of-the-art research on the different types of antennas with their performance enhancement techniques for 5G technology in recent years. Also, this paper precisely covers 5G specifications and categorization of antennas followed by a comparative analysis of different antenna designs. Till now, many 5G antenna designs have been proposed by the different researchers, but an exhaustive review of different types of 5G antenna with their performance enhancement method is not yet done. So, in this paper, we have attempted to explore the different types of 5G antenna designs, their performance enhancement techniques, comparison, and future breakthroughs in a holistic way.

/pdf/fifth-generation-antennas-a-comprehensive-review-of-design-1q81lfbiqb.pdf

Fifth Generation Antennas: A Comprehensive Review of Design and Performance Enhancement Techniques

Full-duplex (FD) wireless technology enables a radio to transmit and receive on the same frequency band at the same time, and it is considered to be one of the candidate technologies for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication systems due to its advantages, including potential doubling of the capacity and increased spectrum utilization efficiency. However, one of the main challenges of FD technology is the mitigation of strong self-interference (SI). Recent advances in different SI cancellation techniques, such as antenna cancellation, analog cancellation, and digital cancellation methods, have led to the feasibility of using FD technology in different wireless applications. Among potential applications, one important application area is dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) in wireless systems particularly 5G networks, where FD can provide several benefits and possibilities such as concurrent sensing and transmission (CST), concurrent transmission and reception, improved sensing efficiency and secondary throughput, and the mitigation of the hidden terminal problem. In this direction, first, starting with a detailed overview of FD-enabled DSS, we provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances in this domain. We then highlight several potential techniques for enabling FD operation in DSS wireless systems. Subsequently, we propose a novel communication framework to enable CST in DSS systems by employing a power control-based SI mitigation scheme and carry out the throughput performance analysis of this proposed framework. Finally, we discuss some open research issues and future directions with the objective of stimulating future research efforts in the emerging FD-enabled DSS wireless systems.

/pdf/dynamic-spectrum-sharing-in-5g-wireless-networks-with-full-20g3p3t45t.pdf

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in 5G Wireless Networks With Full-Duplex Technology: Recent Advances and Research Challenges

In this communication, the self-interference (SI) channel and the novel enabling techniques for a compact inband full-duplex relay are described and characterized in different operating environments. The full-duplex operation is based on a novel antenna design that uses wavetraps to provide passive isolation of up to 70 dB between the transmit and receive antenna ports. The passive isolation is complemented with novel active RF and digital cancellation stages that further suppress the residual SI to the receiver noise floor. Measurement results of a complete prototype implementation show that the proposed design can achieve an overall SI cancellation performance of over 100 dB even with an ambitious instantaneous bandwidth of 80 MHz. Similar results are obtained both in an anechoic chamber as well as in realistic multipath indoor environments.

Compact Inband Full-Duplex Relays With Beyond 100 dB Self-Interference Suppression: Enabling Techniques and Field Measurements

This work presents a systematic design of high performance eight element antenna array for a 5G mobile terminal operating at 2.6/3.5 GHz bands. The proposed eight element slot antenna array based on unit monopole slot antenna embedded in the metal casing or ground resonates at fundamental mode at 2.6 GHz. The antenna array is developed from four antennas (open-end slot antenna) etched near to the corner edges of the printed circuited board with supported pairs of vertically mounted slot antennas in middle section of the long edge ground plane. This combination of the antenna elements provided pattern diversity and enabled the smartphone in the reception of the signal in a different direction. The impedance bandwidth based on -10 dB return loss criteria cover from 2.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz includes the two allocated bands of (2400 MHz to 2600 MHz) and (3400 MHz to 3600 MHz) for 5G cellular communication systems. The vital MIMO performance measures as envelope correlation coefficient or ECC is less than 0.2 for any two antenna array meeting the required standard of less than 0.5 alongside the mean effective gain or MEG ratio of any two antenna meeting the required standard of less than 3 dB for power balance and optimal diversity performance. As modern smartphone demand desires slim handsets, the after mentioned compact multiple antenna structure can be easily implemented for the future smartphones as it utilizes the conductive sheet or chassis and the middle vertically mounted antenna do not use the additional space of the chassis or ground. The customer hand or human hand effect on the multiple antenna array to mimic the use of mobile phone customer is also studied. The maximum MIMO Channel capacity based on measured result is 34.25bps/Hz and is about 3 times of 2 × 2 MIMO operations.

Eight Element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antenna for 5G Mobile Applications

This paper presents a comprehensive review of mobile terminal antenna researches performed in the past seven years and the current challenges related to the user’s influence on the performance of fifth generation (5G) terminal antennas. The main challenges for the designing of mobile terminal antennas are to meet the compact size requirements of built-in structures and their multiband capabilities. The antenna design techniques that are used to achieve broader operating bandwidths with smaller antenna dimensions will be first discussed. This is followed by the effects of user interactions with the head/hand for mobile antennas in terms of radiation efficiency and, consequently, the correlation of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna systems. The ultimate aims of this paper are as follows: 1) to highlight the different frequencies of mobile terminal antennas for different applications; 2) to highlight mobile terminal antennas that have been developed for 5G application; 3) to study and discuss the effects of user’s hand on 5G mobile terminal antennas; and 4) to discuss the research gap, issues, and challenges in the field of user’s effects on mobile terminal antennas for 5G applications. In addition to that, an investigation of the users’ hand effects on two MIMO mobile terminal antennas operational in the sub-6-GHz 5G band is presented. This investigation performed using two MIMO antennas is an attempt to formulate guidelines on efficient mobile terminal antenna design in the presence of user’s hand in C Band (from 3.4 to 3.6 GHz) and LTE-U Band 46 (from 5.15 to 5.925 GHz).

User Influence on Mobile Terminal Antennas: A Review of Challenges and Potential Solution for 5G Antennas

An experimental study of the interaction between user's hand and an ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array is presented for mobile terminals. The dual-element array covers the frequency ranges 698–990 MHz and 1710–5530 MHz with a good efficiency in free space. Depending on the standard, it can be used for channel sensing in cognitive radio networks or for communications in cellular networks. Hand phantoms for three usage scenarios are used for the investigation, namely, personal digital assistant (PDA) right hand, PDA left hand, and two hands. The absorption in the immediate located hand is the main factor causing degradation of the total efficiency (slightly affected by the hand induced changes in the S-parameters), reduction and imbalance in the antennas mean effective gain contributing to a deteriorated diversity gain (DG). The user caused changes in the antennas radiation patterns reduce the correlation in the lower band which enhance the DG and multiplexing efficiency. The exposure of the hand in each scenario is studied by the specific absorption ratio.

/pdf/experimental-investigation-on-the-effect-of-user-s-hand-1iqsy8bri7.pdf

Experimental investigation on the effect of user's hand proximity on a compact ultrawideband MIMO antenna array

The paper presents an antenna system with com- bined full-duplex and 2-order multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) functionalities, i.e., a system capable of spatially multi- plexing and spatially demultiplexing 2 datastreams in the same frequency and in the same time. By exploiting symmetries in the construct and the feed, simple corrective beamforming weights can be applied at the transmitter (Tx) ports in order to selectively cancel the Tx signal at the receiver (Rx) ports, thus guaranteeing a large amount of isolation necessary for full- duplex (i.e., simultaneous and in-band Tx and Rx) operation. On the other hand, the 2 MIMO ports (either at the Tx or at the Rx) are sufficiently decoupled thanks to polarization diversity. The proposed antenna system exhibits a remarkable level of full- duplex isolation over a wide bandwidth while maintaining low coupling between its MIMO ports and can serve as a concrete implementation of an antenna system equipped with both MIMO as well as full-duplex capabilities.

/pdf/a-2-order-mimo-full-duplex-antenna-system-1edwster5d.pdf

A 2-order MIMO full-duplex antenna system

In this letter, a two-port antenna system based on orthogonal excitation of the ground plane modes is presented for full-duplex (FD) mobile device applications. An antenna isolation method based on employing a balanced and unbalanced antenna is used to achieve a high level of antenna decoupling. Moreover, the theory of characteristic modes is used as a systematic tool to analyze the orthogonal modal behavior of the antenna system. A prototype consisting of a balanced dipole antenna and a monopole antenna on a 120 $\times$ 55-mm $^2$ chassis is fabricated and measured. The measurement results verify the simulation results and show a high isolation value of 40 dB between the ports in free space. Furthermore, to evaluate the antenna system performance in realistic scenarios, the prototype was measured in three different user scenarios. The isolation level between the ports in user scenarios varies from 42 to 33 dB in the worst scenario. The proposed design can be applied in an FD system to suppress the self-interference as the first stage of interference cancelation.

Design and Evaluation of Full-Duplex Terminal Antennas in Realistic User Scenarios

In this paper, a Full-duplex (FD) antenna system is presented with a high isolation between the TX and RX antennas. The isolation method is based on utilizing balanced antennas to localize the current on the ground plane and single mode excitation of the ground plane with capacitive coupling elements. The simulation results show a promising isolation level of 75 dB. User impact investigation on the antenna isolation, antenna matching and efficiency is presented. The isolation level varies from 60 dB to 30 dB in the worst user scenarios. The proposed antenna system can be used in a MISO/SIMO FD system.

/pdf/decoupling-of-tx-and-rx-antennas-in-a-full-duplex-mobile-1xg6856arj.pdf

Decoupling of TX and RX antennas in a full-duplex mobile terminal

In this paper, the feasibility of an antenna isolation technique based on null-steer beamforming, polarization diversity and spatial diversity is investigated. The proposed system consists of six patch antennas which are fed by a feeding network to obtain a null-steer beamformer. To achieve spatial diversity, antenna elements are located on two layers, facing in a different direction. Moreover, the antenna elements in two layers use different polarization. The measured results of the antenna system present a high TX-RX isolation in the order of 70 dB which shows the feasibility of such a system for Full-duplex transmission.

/pdf/tx-rx-isolation-method-based-on-polarization-diversity-2qd9yvnel7.pdf

TX-RX isolation method based on polarization diversity, spatial diversity and TX beamforming

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