Novel protein sources (like insects, algae, duckweed, and rapeseed) are expected to enter the European feed and food market as replacers for animal-derived proteins. However, food safety aspects of these novel protein sources are not well-known. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art on the safety of major novel protein sources for feed and food production, in particular insects, algae (microalgae and seaweed), duckweed, and rapeseed. Potential hazards for these protein sources are described and EU legislative requirements as regard to food and feed safety are explained. Potential hazards may include a range of contaminants, like heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, as well as pathogens. Some safety aspects of novel protein sources are intrinsic to the product, but many potential hazards can also be due to production methods and processing conditions. These aspects should be considered in advance during product development. European law is unclear on several issues regarding the use of novel protein sources in food and feed products. For food product applications, the most important question for food producers is whether or not the product is considered a novel food. One of the major unclarities for feed applications is whether or not products with insects are considered animal-derived products or not. Due to the unclarities in European law, it is not always clear which Regulation and maximum levels for contaminants apply. For market introduction, European legislation should be adjusted and clarified.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12032

Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects, Microalgae, Seaweed, Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production

Water pollution caused by the discharge of hazardous textile effluents is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In order to assess the pollution level of the textile effluents, various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in the textile wastewater and agricultural soil irrigated with the wastewater (contaminated soil) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that demonstrated the presence of several toxic heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Zn) and a large number of organic compounds. Further, in order to get a comprehensive idea about the toxicity exerted by the textile effluent, mung bean seed germination test was performed that indicated the reduction in percent seed germination and radicle-plumule growth. The culturable microbial populations were also enumerated and found to be significantly lower in the wastewater and contaminated soil than the ground water irrigated soil, thus indicating the biotic homogenization of indigenous microflora. Therefore, the study was aimed to develop a cost effective and ecofriendly method of textile waste treatment using native soil bacterium, identified as Arthrobacter soli BS5 by 16S rDNA sequencing that showed remarkable ability to degrade a textile dye reactive black 5 with maximum degradation of 98% at 37 °C and pH in the range of 5–9 after 120 h of incubation.

Toxicity evaluation of textile effluents and role of native soil bacterium in biodegradation of a textile dye.

A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India: DICTIONARY OF THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA pages 1 to 174

Chapter 1 Citrus Rootstocks for Improving the Horticultural Performance and Physiological Responses under Constraining Environments Rafael V Ribeiro, Erick Espinoza-Nunez, Jorgino Pompeu Junior, Francisco A A Mourao Filho and Eduardo C Machado Chapter 2 Role of Silicon in Enrichment of Plant Nutrients and Protection from Biotic and Abiotic Stresses Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, Vijay Pratap Singh, Savita Gangwar, Sheo Mohan Prasad, Jagat Narayan Maurya and Devendra Kumar Chauhan Chapter 3 Transgenic Approaches for Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals Atul Bhargava and Shilpi Srivastava Chapter 4 Using an Allometric Model for the Accumulation of Mineral Nutrients in Crops Under Saline-Water Stress: A Field Experience in Fertigation Enrique Misle, Besma Kahlaoui, Estrella Garrido and Mohamed Hachicha Chapter 5 Control of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Cultivated Plants by the Use of Biostimulant Microorganisms Adriano Sofo, Maria Nuzzaci, Antonella Vitti, Giuseppe Tataranni and Antonio Scopa Chapter 6 Cyclic Nucleotides and Nucleotide Cyclases in Plants under Stress Malgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, Tamara Chadzinikolau and Slawomir Borek Chapter 7 Breeding and Transgenic Approaches for Development of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice Satendra K Mangrauthia, P Revathi, Surekha Agarwal, Arun Kumar Singh and V P Bhadana Chapter 8 Mineral Bioavailability Through Mutation Breeding In Pulse Crops: A Review Mohammad Imran Kozgar, Mohd Rafiq Wani, Samiullah Khan and Parvaiz Ahmad Chapter 9 Abiotic Stress and Control of Yield in Cereals Bhinu V-S Pillai and Sreekala Chellamma Chapter 10 Improvement of Crop Production under Saline Stress by a Bio-Hydraulic Approach Besma Kahlaoui, Mohamed Hachicha, Enrique Misle, Belgacem Hanchi and Jorge Teixeira Chapter 11 Induced Mutagenesis for the Improvement of Pulse Crops with Special Reference to Mungbean-A Review Update Mohd Rafiq Wani, M Imran Kozgar, Samiullah Khan, M Abbas Ahangar and Parvaiz Ahmad Chapter 12 Crop Improvement through Tissue Culture L F De Filippis Chapter 13 Agricultural Pollution: An Emerging Issue Aqsa Abbasi, Ayesha Sajid, Namra Haq, Sammia Rahman, Zujaja-Tul-Misbah, Gul Sanober, Muhammad Ashraf and Alvina Gul Kazi

Improvement of Crops in the Era of Climatic Changes

Contamination of heavy metals is one of the major threats to water and soil as well as human health. Phytoremediation has been used to remediate metal-contaminated sites. This study evaluated the potential of 23 plant species growing on contaminated sites in Industrial areas of the Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Plant root, shoot and the soil samples were collected and analyzed for selected metal concentration values. To evaluate the potential of plant species for phytoremediation: Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC) and Biological Transfer Coefficient (BCF) were calculated. The concentration of Pb in soils varied from 2-29 mg/kg, Zn from 28.82-172.56 mg/ kg, Cu from 8.88-306 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Pb in plant shoots varied from 1.0 to 39 mg/kg, Zn from 17.25 to 194.03 mg/kg, Cu from 0.65 to 171.83 mg/kg. The concentration of Pb in roots of plant varied 1-43 mg/kg, Zn from 3.34-116.16 mg/kg, Cu from 3.35- 416.89 mg/kg. Brachiaria raptans and Malvastrum coromandelianum were found most suitable for phytostabilization of sites contaminated with Pb and Cu (BCF= 18 and 9.12). Considering the BAC values, 15 species for Pb, two species for Cu, five species for Zn possessed the characteristics of hyperaccumulator, none of the plant species was found as hyperaccumulator; however plants with high BCF (metal concentration ratio of plant root to soil) and low BTC (metal concentration ratio of plants shoots to roots) have the potential for phytostabilization and phytoextraction. The results of this study can be used for management and decontamination of soils with heavy metals using plant species having phytoremediation potential/characteristics.

Hyperaccumulators of heavy metals of industrial areas of islamabad and rawalpindi

The rationale for this study was to determine soil and forage mineral concentrations as affected by season and location of collection with regard to satisfying grazing sheep nutrient requirements Forages and soil samples were collected fortnightly during winter and summer seasons from three grazing areas within the same farm Forages and soils (for soils only extractable nutrients) were analyzed for calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) It was found that location of collection of forages had little effect on Ca, Na or K forage concentrations, but forage Mg was high in location II during the summer season In general, all sites of collection were associated with soils with adequate Ca and Mg concentrations, while soil with Na and K were uniformly low In relation to grazing sheep requirements, all regions were generally adequate with forage levels of Ca, Mg and K, however, Na was deficient in both soil and forage in all locations except Na in soil in location III during summer

Seasonal variation in soil and forage mineral concentrations in semiarid region of pakistan

A study was conducted to determine the trace mineral status of forage and soils on a goat ranch in the semi-arid region of south western Punjab, Pakistan. Forage and soil samples were collected twice a year during winter and summer from three different sites within the ranch. Site I represented land characterized by natural pasture with low intensity forage accessible to animals. Site II represented land site within proximity of main experimental station where small ruminants were provided hay, crop wastes and also by-products. Site III was grazing reserves characterized by the availability of sown pastures including different improved forage varieties. Seven composite samples from each of the three grazing sites of the pasture were collected during each sampling. Higher forage values of Cu and Mn were found in winter than those during summer. However, Fe and Zn were higher in summer. In general, higher trace elements values were found in grazing site II. Of all forage trace minerals, only Mn was adequate. Concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn in forage from all three grazing sites during both seasons were below the critical level. All soil elements were higher in grazing sites III than those in other grazing sites. Concentrations below the critical level were found for soil Cu during both seasons in grazing site II and during summer in site I, and for Mn in both seasons in all sites within the pasture.

Soil and forage mineral (trace elements) status of a grazing pasture in the semiarid region of pakistan

The aim of this study was to see the impact of parents’ profession on learning English at intermediate level. With respect to learning English as a second language (as in Pakistan) has several challenges in the academic achievement for the students. Some of these are students’ lack of appropriate study skills and strategies; their academic learning anxiety; their low social self-efficacy; their financial difficulties; and improper guidance from the family members. In the case of family members parents have a great influence in this perspectives and learning a language means acquiring the set of pragmatic norms and cultural values embedded in the target language. But the cultural values and social norms are transferred from home environment especially from parents to children. In relation to interacting family norms; parents’ attitude, parents’ academic level are considered important. Therefore, the study was conducted to explore further dimensions of parents’ impact on their children’s learning English. The objective of this study was especially to see the impact of parents’ profession on their children’s learning English language. Participants were 430 students of intermediate class. A self-reported survey questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS-16 to find mean value and correlation value. The results revealed that for learning English parents’ profession has positive correlation on it that varies with respect to their professions. Keywords : Learning, Learning environment, Lingua-Franca, Second Language Acquisition

/pdf/impact-of-parents-profession-on-their-children-s-learning-2rhql1txc5.pdf

Impact of Parents’ Profession on their Children’s Learning English in Pakistan

The present studies were conducted to explore the relation of micronutrient deficiency with malformation disease in three commercial mango cultivars viz. Dusehri, Langra and Malda. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Mg were analyzed in healthy and malformed organs of mango. This comparison indicated that these minerals have slight differences in concentration and their contents did not vary significantly between healthy and malformed variables. Some differences among concentration of magnesium in malformed and healthy parts of three cultivars were detected. The results of the study suggest that nutrients play no role in producing symptoms of mango malformation.

The extent of micro minerals in healthy and malformed organs of mango

The present research was conducted in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the effect of sewage water treatments on accumulation of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) in cv. Dunkeld of canola (Brassica napus L.). The results showed that each metal treatment had its own specific effects on the growth of the canola cultivar. Sewage water application had a significant effect on number of leaves and leaf area, whereas root length remained unchanged. There was a decline in yield and yield related attributes in the treated crop. Soil, forage and seed Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations increased consistently with increase in the treatment level of sewage water. From the results of the present study, it was concluded that municipal sewage water of cities containing high levels of metals has inhibitory effect on growth and seed yield of canola.

Lead, cadmium and chromium contents of canola irrigated with sewage water

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