Early in the summer of 1990, representatives of ninety-three nations met in London and agreed to amend significantly the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol).1 The resulting agreement, commonly known as the London Amendments, was the product of several international meetings,2 and came amidst rising concern over continued thinning of upper atmospheric ozone as a result of the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and other chemical compounds. While imperfect, the agreement represents a heartening step forward in the world community's effort to protect our biosphere from the dangers of increased solar ultraviolet radiation.

/pdf/montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer-k8hibj6ek5.pdf

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Literature data on odour thresholds of volatile food constituents, and, in particular on their odour quality, may differ significantly. In order to obtain more reliable sensory data, the odour thresholds of eighty-four compounds previously characterised as key food odorants were re-evaluated and compared to literature results. In addition, the odour thresholds of ten odorants are reported here for the first time. On the basis of a distinct protocol, also the aroma attributes of the odorants were evaluated in order to define an aroma language, which can be used for specific purposes, e.g., training of panellists for GC-Olfactometry.

Re-investigation on odour thresholds of key food aroma compounds and development of an aroma language based on odour qualities of defined aqueous odorant solutions

Using an automated rapid headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) method for volatile extraction in cantaloupes, 86 compounds already reported for muskmelons were recovered and an additional 53 compounds not previously reported were identified or tentatively identified. The SPME method extracted a copious number of volatiles that can be analyzed to clearly differentiate between variety, growth stage, and stage of harvest ripeness. Most of the newly reported compounds in cantaloupe were esters and aldehydes that have already been demonstrated as flavor-related compounds in other products. All esters believed to have flavor impact increased progressively after pollination, and this trend continued with increasing harvest maturity. However, compound recovery often decreased when fruits were harvested over-ripe. Most aldehydes increased during early growth stages and then tapered off with increasing harvest maturity. The SPME method suitably recovered most compounds reported to impart characteristic flavor/aroma in muskmelons. SPME offers experimental flexibility and the ability to discover more compounds and address flavor quality changes in fresh-cut cantaloupe.

/pdf/identification-of-volatile-compounds-in-cantaloupe-at-4cpr2r3g9r.pdf

Identification of volatile compounds in cantaloupe at various developmental stages using solid phase microextraction.

The genus Mantella, endemic poison frogs of Madagascar with 16 described species, are known in the field of international pet trade and entered under the CITES control for the last four years. The phylogeny and phylogeography of this genus have been recently subject of study for conservation purposes. Here we report on the studies of the phylogeography of the Mantella cowani group using a fragment of 453 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 195 individuals from 21 localities. This group is represented by five forms: M. cowani, a critically endangered species, a vulnerable species, M. haraldmeieri, and the non-threatened M. baroni, M. aff. baroni, and M. nigricans. The Bayesian phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed the presence of three separated haplotype clades: (1) M. baroni, M. aff. baroni, M. nigricans, and putative hybrids of M. cowani and M. baroni, (2) M. cowani and putative hybrids of M. cowani and M. baroni, and (3) M. haraldmeieri. The putative hybrids were collected from sites where M. cowani and M. baroni live in sympatry. These results suggest (a) a probable hybridization between M. cowani and M. baroni, (b) a lack of genetic differentiation between M. baroni/M. aff. baroni and M. nigricans, (c) evidence of recent gene-flow between the northern (M. nigricans), eastern (M. baroni), and south-eastern (M. aff. baroni) forms of distinct coloration, and (d) the existence of at least three units for conservation in the Mantella cowani group.

/pdf/evidence-for-recent-gene-flow-between-north-eastern-and-1ukutqqsbm.pdf

Evidence for recent gene flow between north-eastern and south-eastern Madagascan poison frogs from a phylogeography of the Mantella cowani group.

Nineteen commercial Californian Chardonnay wines were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Freon extracts of wines were separated by silica gel chromatography into three fractions. Volatiles were quantified by GC analysis of each fraction using internal standards added to the wine prior to Freon extraction. Twelve of the 19 wines were evaluated by GC-Olfactometry (GC-O). Of the 81 compounds shown to be odor-active (OA) by GC/O, 74 were quantified and 61 were tentatively identified, all of which had been previously reported in grapes or wines. Overall concentrations of compounds with floral or oak-related aromas were higher in wines shown by descriptive analysis to be high in intensity of either floral or oak notes, respectively. The relationship between sensory intensity ratings from a previous descriptive analysis of the wines and 74 OA compounds was modeled by partial least-squares regression (PLS) analysis. This PLS model only explained 17% of the variation in the OA variables, whe...

Characterization of odor-active compounds in Californian chardonnay wines using GC-olfactometry and GC-mass spectrometry

Additional aroma components of honeydew melon

Chapter 16 – Coleoptera Infesting Stored Products

Interaction of oxygen concentration, temperature, and relative humidity with time required to kill Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) and navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), was examined. Late larval and early pupal stages of navel orangeworm and pupae of Indianmeal moth were exposed to combinations of 0.5, 1, 2, or 5% O2. (with 10% CO2 and a balance of N2) at 15.6, 21.1, or 26.7°C and at 40 or 60% RH. These gas concentrations simulate the output atmosphere of a low-O2 generator fueled with methane or propane. Lethal time to kill 95% (LT95) of the population of each insect was determined by regression analysis for each combination of factors. A general equation was developed through multiple regression analysis of the LT95’s for each insect species to describe the relationships. Temperature effects were similar for each species and could be made linear with a reciprocal transformation of the LT95 plotted against time. Effects of relative humidity and atmosphere on the LT95 were different for the two species. Indianmeal moths were affected more by changes in O2 concentration while navel orangeworms responded more to changes in relative humidity. Further analyses led to estimates of the low temperature threshold (i.e., temperature below which atmospheres would be ineffective) and to estimates of a constant, k , describing the time/temperature relationship. The time/temperature curve is described by a hyperbola and exposure time can be estimated accordingly.

Interactive Effects of Low-oxygen Atmospheres, Relative Humidity, and Temperature on Mortality of Two Stored-product Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Components of almond hulls: possible navel orangeworm attractants and growth inhibitors

Last-instar (25-day) A. transitella larvae were treated with low-oxygen (≤1%) atmospheres. Thirteen atmospheres (combinations of three O2 concentrations and four CO2 concentrations, plus 100% CO2) were assayed at 27°C and 60% relative humidity. LT95s and 95% confidence intervals were determined. The effects of the atmospheres on the mortality of the insects are discussed. The 02 concentration is more important in reducing the time to kill than the CO2 concentration. The economic implications of these results on an insect control program also are discussed.

Effects of Low-Oxygen Atmospheres Containing Different Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Mortality of the Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

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