Nowadays, it is generally appreciated that studies in the medical field should not only include sex-related aspects but also consider age. In the past, taking the era of Hippocrates as a starting point for the Western medical sciences, such aspects were less urgent and barely relevant. However, considering such details during daily life became increasingly important as the traditional roles of men and P. L. M. Kerkhof (*) Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: plm.kerkhof@vumc.nl E. Osto Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 P. L. M. Kerkhof, V. M. Miller (eds.), Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1065, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_1 1 women in society and household converged. In the Western world, this fundamental transition process started recently and is advancing at an accelerated pace. Research about the role of women has also evolved, starting from plain history about the lives of women to a description of the relation between men and women, resulting in the gender concept. The present survey highlights a historical selection of observations referring to the impact of men and women on the medical sciences, as patient, study object, and professional. Whenever relevant, focus will be on the field of cardiovascular investigations as documented in the Western world. Rather than being exhaustive, we focus on a few remarkable icons, including Trota of Salerno, Hildegard von Bingen, and Miguel Serveto.

Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function

Objective: The objective was to compare the executive functions between hypertensive and non-hypertensive middle-aged Mexican adults. Methods: An observational and analytic study was designed. Participants were men and women residents of Southeastern Mexico, aged between 40 and 60 years, with at least 5 years of hypertension diagnosis. The control group was people without hypertension. All participants completed a digit symbol substitution test (DSST), clinical and epidemiological data. Statistical analysis unpaired Student’s t-test, p < 0.05. Results: DSST score in control men was 37.78 ± 11.94, control women: 42.96 ± 11.19, hypertensive men: 16.81 ± 9.82, and hypertensive women: 26.88 ± 12.04. Significant differences were found between hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups. Men had worse scores than women. No difference between normotensive men and women. Inverse correlation was found between DSST score and age, values of systolic and diastolic blood tension in the hypertension group. Conclusion: Hypertension decreases the executive function in middle-aged people, mainly in men. This dysfunction could be an early indicator of brain deterioration.

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Executive dysfunction in middle-aged hypertensive adults

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Executive dysfunction in middle-aged hypertensive adults