The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships.

/pdf/the-uppsala-internationalization-process-model-revisited-2ck5k4nfor.pdf

The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited: From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership

Firms are social communities that specialize in the creation and internal transfer of knowledge. The multinational corporation arises not out of the failure of markets for the buying and selling of knowledge, but out of its superior efficiency as an organizational vehicle by which to transfer this knowledge across borders. We test the claim that firms specialize in the internal transfer of tacit knowledge by empirically examining the decision to transfer the capability to manufacture new products to wholly owned subsidiaries or to other parties. The empirical results show that the less codifiable and the harder to teach is the technology, the more likely the transfer will be to wholly owned operations. This result implies that the choice of transfer mode is determined by the efficiency of the multinational corporation in transferring knowledge relative to other firms, not relative to an abstract market transaction. The notion of the firm as specializing in the transfer and recombination of knowledge is the foundation to an evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1809485

Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation

Theory suggests and results show that firm performance is initially positive but eventually levels off and becomes negative as international diversification increases. Product diversification moder...

/pdf/international-diversification-effects-on-innovation-and-firm-1w97nup0ax.pdf

International Diversification: Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-Diversified Firms

Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research☆

Firms interested in servicing foreign markets face a difficult decision with regards to the choice of an entry mode. The options available to a firm include exporting, licensing, joint venture and sole venture. Several factors that determine the choice of a specific foreign market entry mode have been identified in previous literature. These factors can be classified into three categories: ownership advantages of a firm, location advantages of a market, and internalization advantages of integrating transactions. This study examines the independent and joint influences of these factors on the choice of an entry mode. Multinomial logistic regression model is employed to test the hypothesized effects.

/pdf/choice-of-foreign-market-entry-mode-impact-of-ownership-m7fizm2aaa.pdf

Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: Impact of Ownership, Location and Internalization Factors

Inside the Multinationals, the Economics of Internal Markets@@@The Canadian Multinationals

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Inside the Multinationals, the Economics of Internal Markets@@@The Canadian Multinationals