List of illustrations Preface 1. The relevance of archaeological history 2. Classical archaeology and antiquarianism 3. The beginnings of scientific archaeology 4. The imperial synthesis 5. Culture-historical archaeology 6. Soviet archaeology 7. Functionalism in Western archaeology 8. Neo-evolutionism and the New Archaeology 9. The explanation of diversity 10. Archaeology and its social context Bibliographical essay References Index.

A History of Archaeological Thought

The new C.A.H. rolls majestically on its way. The Fifth Century (covering in effect 478-404 B.C.), though shorter than volume IV, is still (at 2 lbs. 5 ozs.) a substantial book and a reviewer who has read it from cover to cover (ineluctably, but with a faint sense of absurdity, for what normal reader will do the same?) harbours the uncomfortable conviction that it is now time to begin again, like painting the Forth Bridge. But although most readers will treat this as a reference book to dip into, not to swallow whole, its organization has a rationale which is worth grasping. After an initial chapter on sources, chronology and method, the first third of the volume charts a (mostly) political and chronological path through the Pentecontaetia in Greece and the Aegean, with a chapter on Sicily as coda. There is then a marked change of tempo as chapter eight, containing some two hundred pages by seven different authors, provides a wide-ranging thematic survey of culture and society. The final third returns to the original key with three very substantial chapters on the Peloponnesian War. At the end are short chronological notes, a chronological table, a good (though not always completely up-to-date) bibliography, in the style of earlier volumes, and a reasonably full index (but no index locorum). The ' political' chapters are, to mince no words, wholly admirable, both in selection of material and soundness of judgement. The reasoning is (naturally) often debatable but never indefensible. D. M. Lewis's chapter on sources lays a reassuringly sound foundation in treating Thucydides as a great historian whose ' high competence and devotion to truth are not to be doubted'. J. K. Davies, after a perceptive discussion of what made Greeks feel Greek, argues less conventionally that the 470s constitute a period of uncomfortable transition for the polis. Two chapters by P. J. Rhodes (on the Delian League to 449 B.c. and on Athenian internal affairs down to Pericles' ascendancy) and two by D. M. Lewis (on Mainland Greece 479-51 B.C., and on the Thirty Years Peace) provide a massively judicious survey of political developments. (Among judgements of interest note the view that Thucydides' figure of 460 talents for initial tribute may have come from an over-optimistic assessment list; the Delian League may have been initiated as a permanent alliance to bind Athens as much as the allies; the chronological Gordian knot of the 470s and 460s is cut by supposing that Themistocles' flight coincided neither with the siege of Naxos nor that of Thasos (this is over-sceptical); Dipaea is put before the Messenian war and Oenoe almost disappears in 456. The Messenian war goes on till 456/5, leading to a treatment of Athenian policy as relatively aggressive in the early 450s.) After a slightly shaky start, where it is unclear whether Sicily is being divided into four political blocs or six, D. Asheri provides a most useful excursus on Sicily from 478 to 431 B.C. (Why, however, are the Greeks in S. Italy excluded, and why is attention to Sicily after 431 confined to a Peloponnesian War perspective?) The rationale of the central sections (chapter 8) is explained in the Preface as being that the old separate chapters on drama, philosophy, historiography and art 'have been replaced by an attempt to show the cultural achievements in their historical, social and religious contexts'. In the present reviewer's opinion (admittedly a non-

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The Cambridge ancient history.

Within twenty years of Alexander's death his empire had split into separate states, whose rulers had taken the title of king. The new kings were forceful and ambitious men who relied on their armies and mostly ruled in lands where monarchy was traditional. The new monarchies presented Greeks with ideological problems. Wherever they lived, they had to adjust to a dominant royal power and to find an acceptable place for monarchy within their political philosophy. It has been widely argued that the Antigonid monarchy in Macedonia differed in important respects from monarchy in the other kingdoms. Hellenistic monarchy was closely associated with religion and the gods. More varied in both its form and its implications is the religious practice commonly known as ruler-cult. The legacy of Hellenistic kingship lived on in the Roman Empire, its ideology and its institutions, secular and religious alike, now adapted to the requirements of a universal monarchy.

Monarchies and monarchic Ideas

In the long history of Minoan civilization two great catastrophes are discernible, of which the famous Cretan palaces themselves provide the chief source of our knowledge. Everywhere the catastrophes are seen to be contemporaneous. We can distinguish a period of the first palaces (MM) and a subsequent period of the second palaces (LM). There is no perceptible break in the development of the civilization as a result of these catastrophes. For this reason, the theories that the palaces were overthrown by invaders from abroad aroused opposition from the first. Usually the Achaeans—and even the Hyksos—were suggested as the destroyers. By this theory, however, it was not possible to explain two facts : the decorative arts continue on their way undisturbed, and the second palaces are built at once on the ruins of the first and are still unfortified. The Cretans would not have been so foolish as gratuitously to provide easy loot for fresh invaders.

The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete

Before Cyrus marched against Croesus, he had made overtures to the Asian Greeks, of whom the Ionians were the most important. the tragic incompatibility and failure of understanding between Persia, the highest manifestation of oriental imperialism, and the still developing bourgeois culture of the Greek cities. Cyrus' son Cambyses, continuing his father's agenda, in 525 assailed Egypt, and as a prelude to this, a great matter, for which his courtiers praised him, he 'won the sea'. Mardonios pressed on to where his fresh army and fleet awaited him, at the crossing into Europe. Greek objectives were now to deny forward positions to the enemy, should Xerxes try again; to reopen trade-routes, and, in Homeric style, revenge. Even during the great wars, but much more as the dust of conflict settled, Greeks and Persians were getting to know each other as human beings. A new epoch opened after Athens lost an army and fleet before Syracuse in Sicily.

Persia and the Greeks

Geschichte des Altertums

The German historian Eduard Meyer's two-volume work on ancient history was first published in 1892–1899. More than any other historian of his time Meyer (1855–1930) insisted on considering world history as a whole, even in the classical period, rather than adopting the traditional subdivision into Roman, Greek and Oriental categories. He was also convinced that a combination of philological and historical approaches was needed for an accurate interpretation of history. In Volume 2 (1899) Meyer focuses almost entirely on Greek history of the fifth century BCE, except for some discussion of the governments of the Persian and Spartan kings. Meyer traces the biography of the statesman Cimon, accounts for the history of Attica and evaluates the historical value of Thucydides' work. A remarkable feature of this volume is Meyer's almost constant dialogue with the findings and publications of other scholars working within the field.

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Forschungen zur Alten Geschichte

Eduard Meyer (1855–1930) was a distinguished German historian of antiquity whose interests spanned ancient Greece, Rome and Egypt. After his doctoral studies he worked as private tutor for the British consul general in Constantinople. He lectured on ancient history at various German universities and became a professor at Berlin University (1902–23), where he was appointed rector in 1919. This book on the origins of the Roman Empire was first published in 1918; this reissue reproduces the 1922 third printing. It describes the rise of Pompey and his relations with Caesar and Crassus, the rift between Pompey and Caesar, and the civil war. Meyer analyses Caesar's ambitions, the interventions of Sallust and Cicero, and the socio-economic and military situation of the Roman empire under Caesar, before describing the conspiracy that led to his murder. He supports his arguments by close reference to contemporary Latin sources.

Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus: Innere Geschichte Roms von 66 Bis 44 V. Chr

Blüte und Niedergang des Hellenismus in Asien

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Geschichte des Altertums

Forschungen zur Alten Geschichte

Geschichte des Altertums

Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus: Innere Geschichte Roms von 66 Bis 44 V. Chr

Blüte und Niedergang des Hellenismus in Asien