Seaweed (known as marine algae) has a tradition of being part of the animal feed in the coastal areas, from ancient times. Seaweeds, are mixed with animal feed, because when consumed alone can have negative impact on animals. Thus, seaweeds are very rich in useful metabolites (pigments, carotenoids, phlorotannins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, agar, alginate and carrageenan) and minerals (iodine, zinc, sodium, calcium, manganese, iron, selenium), being considered as a natural source of additives that can substitute the antibiotic usage in various animals. In this review, we describe the nutritional values of seaweeds and the seaweed effects in the seaweed-based animal feed/supplements.

/pdf/seaweed-potential-in-the-animal-feed-a-review-3orcnuo3sz.pdf

Seaweed Potential in the Animal Feed: A Review

Soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) is a well-described condition in the distal intestine of salmonids, and saponins have been implicated as the causal agent. However, the question remains whether saponins alone cause SBMIE. Moreover, the dose-response relationship has not been described. In a 10 week feeding trial with Atlantic salmon, a highly purified (95%) soya saponin preparation was supplemented (0, 2, 4, 6, or 10 g/kg) to two basal diets, one containing fishmeal as the major protein source (FM) and the other 25% lupin meal (LP). Saponins caused dose-dependent increases in the severity of inflammation independent of the basal diet, with concomitant alterations in digestive functions and immunological marker expression. Thus, saponins induced inflammation whether the diet contained other legume components or not. However, responses were often the same or stronger in fish fed the corresponding saponin-supplemented LP diets despite lower saponin exposure, suggesting potentiation by other legume component(s).

Soya Saponins Induce Enteritis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

A global model is used to calculate feed and nutrient budgets for freshwater and marine omnivorous and carnivorous aquacultural finfish production. The model uses national production data for the period 1970–2010 and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios for production and management for 2010–2050. Results indicate that annual nutrient release to the freshwater (1.2 million tonnes of N and 0.1 million tonnes of P in 2010) and marine aquatic environments (0.3 million tonnes of N and 0.05 million tonnes of P) increased less rapidly than fish production, mainly due to improving feed conversion. In the coming five decades, annual nutrient release to freshwater environments may increase to 1.5–2.1 million tonnes of N and 0.1–0.2 million tonnes of P, depending on the production scenario and assumptions on feed conversion and the share of integrated aquacultural production. At present, the global contribution of freshwater aquaculture to nutrient loading of rivers is small. This is the same conclusion re...

Hindcasts and Future Projections of Global Inland and Coastal Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads Due to Finfish Aquaculture

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of four seaweeds, Porphyra dioica , Ulva spp., Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Sargassum muticum , were evaluated in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia. Porphyra , Ulva and Gracilaria were produced in land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). This production method resulted in increased protein content when compared to wild specimens and to the wild-harvested Sargassum . For both, trout and tilapia, the ADC of the experimental diets was generally lower than the reference diet, though in trout, protein digestibility of Gracilaria diet was similar to the reference diet (90%). In terms of the calculated seaweed ADC, the results vary significantly according to the seaweed and fish species. In trout, protein ADC of Gracilaria (88%) was significantly higher than all other seaweed (66–80%). Best lipid ADC was recorded for Gracilaria (97%), although not significantly different from Porphyra (94%). In tilapia, protein ADC was higher for Ulva (63.4%) and Sargassum (65.1%) than for the other seaweed. In lipid ADC, Gracilaria was significantly lower (82%) compared to all other test seaweed (91–95%). Overall trout seems to digest better Gracilaria , whereas tilapia does better with Ulva and Sargassum . The results demonstrate that IMTA-seaweed can be considered good ingredients for fish feed.

Apparent nutrient digestibility of seaweeds by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of two macroalgae as dietary ingredients on growth, body composition, intermediate metabolism, intestinal enzymes and gut histology of Sparus aurata juveniles. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets incorporating 5%, 15% or 25% of Gracilaria cornea or Ulva rigida meal were tested against a control diet. Duplicate groups of fifteen fish (14 g) were fed the experimental diets for 70 days. Growth performance showed an inverse linear relationship with the inclusion level of Gracilaria. Feed conversion ratio increased significantly in fish fed 25% Gracilaria. Ulva presented a quadratic relationship with the lowest SGR at 15% of inclusion. Fish fed 25% Ulva exhibited significantly lower lipid content than those fed control diet. Overall, metabolites did not show differences with specimens fed control diet, except for plasmatic glucose and muscle lactate. Intestinal proteolytic activity was reduced with the macroalgae inclusion level, but all fish showed the same enzyme pattern. The histological study revealed no negative effect on liver and intestine structure by the macroalgae inclusion. The present work demonstrated that these ingredients can be used in practical diets for sea bream, but a more comprehensive research is needed to determine the optimum dietary level in a longer feeding trial.

Growth, tissue metabolites and digestive functionality in Sparus aurata juveniles fed different levels of macroalgae, Gracilaria cornea and Ulva rigida

The effect of dietary inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) on growth performance, histology, muscle fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility was investigated in an 11-week growth and a 4-week digestibility trial with rainbow trout (initial body weight of 54.0 ± 6.2 and 181.9 ± 3.4 g respectively). Four experimental extruded diets were formulated to contain 0%, 30%, 40% and 50% of whole grain lupin and fed to triplicate groups of fish twice a day until apparent satiation. Faeces were collected daily from each digestibility tank by decantation. No significant trends were observed with respect to growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients or whole-body composition (P>0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary lupin led to significant decreases in the Hepatosomatic index (R2=0.75, P<0.05) and slight lipid infiltration into hepatocytes and enterocytes. Muscle fatty acid compositions were slightly affected by the dietary treatment. Polynomial regression of dietary inclusion of lupin and muscle fatty acid concentrations showed an increase in C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in C20:5n-3 with increasing dietary lupin level. These results demonstrated that whole grain lupin can be included up to 50% in commercial rainbow trout diets without negative effects.

/pdf/feeding-high-inclusion-of-whole-grain-white-lupin-lupinus-135rqfzf0v.pdf

Feeding high inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, nutrient digestibility, liver and intestine histology and muscle fatty acid composition

Whole lupin seed meal was evaluated as partial replacement for fishmeal in extruded diets for rainbow trout, with particular emphasis on the effect on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and energy. Effect on muscle fatty acid composition was also evaluated. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to contain approximately 45% crude protein and 5.5 kcal energy g/diet. Diets were formulated to include whole lupin seed meal at 0, 10, 15, and 20%. Triplicate groups of fish weighing 65.9 ± 15.1 g on average were fed twice a day until apparent satiation during 12 wk. Growth, feed intake, hepatosomatic index, hepatic histology, proximate composition of whole body, and muscular fatty acid profile were determined. Growth and feed utilization were similar in all treatments and whole-body composition did not vary among treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series remained constant in muscle as the amount of lupin in diets increased. Furthermore, the ADCs were similar among all diets. These results suggest that inclusion of whole lupin seed meal up to 20% in extruded diets for rainbow trout do not have any negative effect on growth, feed performance, or flesh quality.

Incorporation of Whole Lupin, Lupinus albus, Seed Meal in Commercial Extruded Diets for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition

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Feeding high inclusion of whole grain white lupin (Lupinus albus) to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, nutrient digestibility, liver and intestine histology and muscle fatty acid composition

Incorporation of Whole Lupin, Lupinus albus, Seed Meal in Commercial Extruded Diets for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effect on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition