Human Intestinal Microbiota: Interaction Between Parasites and the Host Immune Response.

Several recent studies have demonstrated that virulence in Entamoeba histolytica is triggered in the presence of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria species using in vitro and in vivo experimental animal models. In this study, we examined samples aspirated from abscess material obtained from patients who were clinically diagnosed with amebic liver abscess (ALA) or pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). To determine the diversity of bacterial species in the abscesses, we performed partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, the E. histolytica and Entamoeba dispar species were genotyped using tRNA-linked short tandem repeats as specific molecular markers. The association between clinical data and bacterial and parasite genotypes were examined through a correspondence analysis. The results showed the presence of numerous bacterial groups. These taxonomic groups constitute common members of the gut microbiota, although all of the detected bacterial species have a close phylogenetic relationship with bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, some patients clinically diagnosed with PLA and ALA were coinfected with E. dispar or E. histolytica, which suggests that the virulence of these parasites increased in the presence of bacteria. However, no specific bacterial groups were associated with this effect. Together, our results suggest a nonspecific mechanism of virulence modulation by bacteria in Entamoeba.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-bacterial-diversity-in-liver-abscess-54wuwqvbhd.pdf

Analysis of the Bacterial Diversity in Liver Abscess: Differences Between Pyogenic and Amebic Abscesses

Amoebiasis caused by the gastrointestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica has diverse disease outcomes. Study of genome and evolution of this fascinating parasite will help us to understand the basis of its virulence and explain why, when and how it causes diseases. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge regarding evolutionary genomics of E. histolytica and discussed their association with parasite phenotypes and its differential pathogenic behavior. How genetic diversity reveals parasite population structure has also been discussed. Queries concerning their evolution and population structure which were required to be addressed have also been highlighted. This significantly large amount of genomic data will improve our knowledge about this pathogenic species of Entamoeba.

Evolutionary genomics and population structure of Entamoeba histolytica

Background: Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Malvaceae) is extensively used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: The current study was to validate the traditional use of S. angustifolia for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery on biological grounds using in vitro antiprotozoal activity and computational experiments. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extract, subsequent fractions, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and a sterol were evaluated on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Moreover, molecular docking studies on tiliroside were performed; it was tested for its affinity against pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (G/FBPA), two glycolytic enzymes of anaerobic protozoa. Results: Bioassay-guided fractionation of extract of the aerial parts of S. angustifolia gives tiliroside and apigenin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, and β-sitosterol. The in vitro antiprotozoal assay showed that tiliroside was the most potent antiprotozoal compound on both protozoa with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 17.5 μg/mL for E. histolytica and 17.4 μg/mL for G. lamblia. Molecular docking studies using tiliroside showed its probable antiprotozoal mechanism with PFOR and G/FBPA. In both cases, tiliroside showed high affinity and inhibition constant theoretic for PFOR (lowest free binding energy from −9.92 kcal/mol and 53.57 μM, respectively) and G/FBPA (free binding energy from −7.17 kcal/mol and 55.5 μM, respectively), like to metronidazole, revealing its potential binding mode at molecular level. Conclusion: The results suggest that tiliroside seems to be a potential antiprotozoal compound responsible for antiamoebic and antigiardial activities of S. angustifolia. Its in vitro antiprotozoal activities are in good agreement with the traditional medicinal use of S. angustifolia in gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and dysentery.

Antiprotozoal activities of tiliroside and other compounds from Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. don

Multilocus sequence typing system (MLST) reveals a significant association of Entamoeba histolytica genetic patterns with disease outcome

Worldwide genealogy of Entamoeba histolytica: an overview to understand haplotype distribution and infection outcome.

Amebiasis is an endemic disease and a public health problem throughout Mexico, although the incidence rates of amebic liver abscess (ALA) vary among the geographic regions of the country Notably, incidence rates are high in the northwestern states (especially Sonora with a rate of 1257/100,000 inhabitants) compared with the central region (Mexico City with a rate of 069/100,000 inhabitants) These data may be related to host genetic factors that are partially responsible for resistance or susceptibility Therefore, we studied the association of the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles with resistance or susceptibility to ALA in two Mexican populations, one each from Mexico City and Sonora Ninety ALA patients were clinically diagnosed by serology and sonography Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells To establish the genetic identity of both populations, 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) were analyzed with multiplexed PCR, and the allelic frequencies of HLA were studied by PCR-SSO using LUMINEX technology The allele frequencies obtained were compared to an ethnically matched healthy control group (146 individuals) We observed that both affected populations differed genetically from the control group We also found interesting trends in the population from Mexico City HLA-DQB1*02 allele frequencies were higher in ALA patients compared to the control group (0127 vs 0047; p= 001; pc= NS; OR= 29, 95% CI= 109-83) The less frequent alleles in ALA patients were HLA-DRB1*08 (0118 vs 0238 in controls; p= 001; pc= NS; OR= 042, 95% CI= 019-087) and HLA-DQB1*04 (0109 vs 0214; p= 002; pc= NS; OR= 040, 95% CI= 020-094) The haplotype HLA-DRB1*08/-DQB1*04 also demonstrated a protective trend against the development of this disease (0081 vs 0178; p=002; pc=NS; OR= 040, 95% CI= 016-093) These trends suggest that the prevalent alleles in the population of Mexico City may be associated with protection against the development of ALA

/pdf/prevalent-hla-class-ii-alleles-in-mexico-city-appear-to-6dipz9zzrn.pdf

Prevalent HLA Class II Alleles in Mexico City Appear to Confer Resistance to the Development of Amebic Liver Abscess

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Worldwide genealogy of Entamoeba histolytica: an overview to understand haplotype distribution and infection outcome.

Prevalent HLA Class II Alleles in Mexico City Appear to Confer Resistance to the Development of Amebic Liver Abscess