Energy and material refineries of future: Wastewater treatment plants.

A review of iron use and recycling in municipal wastewater treatment plants and a novel applicable integrated process.

Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3 (alum)) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) used in water treatment plants (WTPs) led to the generation of sludge that is usually disposed to landfills. However, the utilization of WTP sludge is being encouraged by authorities to achieve sustainable development. This study aims to investigate WTP sludge utilization in a pilot-scale high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) system as a substitute for conventional coagulants. Based on jar tests, the iron sludge was selected for pilot-scale testing due to its superior ability to enhance the treatment efficiency of the HRAS process compared to alum sludge. Iron sludge addition (20.1 ± 1.6 mg dry sludge/L wastewater) slightly improved the removal efficiency of particulate chemical oxygen demand (pCOD) from 74 % to 81 % (p-value: 0.014). Iron sludge addition had a distinct effect on the sludge characteristics of the HRAS process. The average median particle size (d50) increased from 96 ± 3 to 163 ± 14 μm (p-value<0.00) with the addition of iron sludge, which improved the settleability of the HRAS process sludge. However, the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of the HRAS process sludge decreased by 8.9 % (p-value<0.00) after iron sludge addition. In a scenario analysis of WTP sludge use in a hypothetical HRAS plant, the effluent quality index (EQI), an indicator of environmental impact, was calculated and the cost related to the operation (the transfer and landfill disposal of WTP and HRAS process sludge, energy and chemical consumption of the HRAS plant) was estimated. As a result, using WTP sludge in the HRAS plant did not significantly affect the EQI of the plant but decreased overall cost by 11 %. The results showed that the use of WTP sludge as a coagulant in wastewater treatment could achieve mutual benefits for WTPs and WWTPs and have the potential to realize the circular economy model. 

Use of water treatment plant sludge in high-rate activated sludge systems: A techno-economic investigation.

Effective treatment of toxic sludge such as nickel-containing sludge (NS) and aluminum-containing sludge (AS) and fluorine pollution is of significance but challenging due to secondary pollution and complex treatment processes. Herein, a facile waste-to-waste strategy was proposed to prepare Ni-Al layered double oxides/sludge (Ni-Al LDOs/sludge) adsorbent using NS as nickel source and AS as aluminum source via hydrothermal treatment and calcination without adding any metal salts. The Ni-Al LDOs/sludge with a large specific surface area and mesoporous structure showed high F- adsorption performance. The F- adsorption mechanism exhibited monolayer adsorption which was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic results showed that fluoride adsorption onto Ni-Al LDOs/sludge follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Significantly, the as-prepared adsorbent possessed desirable reusability and durability. Furthermore, a possible adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic attraction and ion exchange on the surface of the Ni-Al LDHs/sludge was discussed. Therefore, this work developed a method for converting toxic sludges into functional adsorbent, which provided a new strategy for comprehensive treatment of sludge and fluorine wastewater. 

Pollution control by waste: Dual metal sludges derived Ni-Al LDOs for efficient fluoride removal

Biochar has been used to enhance methane generation from anaerobic digestion through establishing direct interspecific electron transfer between microorganisms. However, the microbial communication is still inadequate, thereby limiting further methane production improvement contributed by biochar. This study investigated the roles of quorum-sensing molecules, acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge aided by biochar. Results showed that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL achieved best methane production performance, with the maximal methane yield of 154.7 mL/g volatile suspended solids, which increased by 51.9%, 47.2%, 17.9%, and 39.4% respectively compared to that of control, AHL-loaded biochar, sole AHL, and sole biochar groups. The reason was that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL promoted the stages of hydrolysis and acidification, promoting the conversion of organic matters and short-chain fatty acids, and optimizing the accumulation of acetate acid. Moreover, the methanogenesis stage also performed best among experimental groups. Correspondingly, the highest activities of electron transfer and coenzyme F420 were obtained, with increase ratios of 33.2% and 27.2% respectively compared to that of control. Furthermore, biochar did more significant effects on the evolution of microbial communities than AHL, and the direct interspecific electron transfer between fermentative bacteria and methanogens were possibly promoted. 

Roles of quorum-sensing molecules in methane production from anaerobic digestion aided by biochar

The limited available area for treatment plants in population-dense settlements increases the need for technologies with smaller footprints. The high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) process aims to capture carbon from wastewater by limiting biological assimilation with a high loading rate which enables occupying a smaller footprint. The footprint of the HRAS system can be further reduced by using lamella clarifiers instead of conventional ones. Conventional clarifiers were used in previous studies on the operational parameters of the HRAS system. This study aims to determine the optimum operational conditions in terms of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (75 and 50 min) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/L) of a HRAS system including a lamella clarifier using 124 days data. The best effluent quality and carbon capture were observed at HRT of 75 min and DO concentration of 0.5 mg/L, which was considered the optimum condition with the highest extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production in the reactor. The high EPS production helped flocs come together and settle faster with the highest carbon capture compared to other operational conditions. Based on the mass balance, 41.7 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 34 % of total nitrogen (TN), and 60 % of total phosphorus (TP) in the influent were captured into the sludge stream at the optimum condition. Lower HRT and DO concentration decreased EPS production and led to particulate COD loss through effluent and hampered carbon capture. Furthermore, higher DO concentration caused more carbon loss through oxidation. 

Long term experiences in a pilot-scale high-rate activated sludge system with lamella clarifier: Effluent quality and carbon capture

A comprehensive evaluation of process kinetics: A plant-wide approach for nutrient removal and biogas production.

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Long term experiences in a pilot-scale high-rate activated sludge system with lamella clarifier: Effluent quality and carbon capture

A comprehensive evaluation of process kinetics: A plant-wide approach for nutrient removal and biogas production.

Use of water treatment plant sludge in high-rate activated sludge systems: A techno-economic investigation.