Recent pandemic outbreak of the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised widespread concerns about the importance of the bioaerosols. They are atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origins, mainly including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and cell debris. Bioaerosols can exert a substantial impact on ecosystems, climate change, air quality, and public health. Here, we review several relevant topics on bioaerosols, including sampling and detection techniques, characterization, effects on health and air quality, and control methods. However, very few studies have focused on the source apportionment and transport of bioaerosols. The knowledge of the sources and transport pathways of bioaerosols is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the role microorganisms play in the atmosphere and control the spread of epidemic diseases associated with them. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the up to date progress on the source characteristics, source identification, and diffusion and transport process of bioaerosols. We intercompare three types of diffusion and transport models, with a special emphasis on a widely used mathematical model. This review also highlights the main factors affecting the source emission and transport process, such as biogeographic regions, land-use types, and environmental factors. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives on bioaerosols.

/pdf/the-source-and-transport-of-bioaerosols-in-the-air-a-review-4ct78tur1u.pdf

The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review

Background: In intensive poultry farming, high concentrations of indoor particulate matter (PM) impact production performance and welfare. In this study, PM2.5 level and bacterial community diversity were investigated in a multilayer cage house rearing system (CH) and a net flooring house rearing system (FH) during different growth stages to clarify the effects of the rearing systems on the diversity of airborne bacteria and help improve health management. Methods: The IC and high-throughput sequencing were used for ion composition and bacterial diversity analysis of PM2.5 collected from CH and FH. Results: The concentrations of NH3, CO2 and PM2.5 in CH were significantly lower than FH (p < 0.001) in both middle and late rearing stages. PM concentrations gradually increased with broiler growth only in FH. The water-soluble ions of PM2.5 samples had no significant difference between the two systems (p > 0.05). Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in both the atmosphere and the broiler houses, but the composition was significantly different. The bacterial community in the broiler houses had strong correlations with temperature, humidity and PM of extremely high concentrations. Ions had stronger correlations with microbial community structure. Conclusions: The superiority of CH in environmental control over FH indicates that improved techniques in environmental control and breeding management can greatly reduce farming air pollution and improve the health management of broiler houses.

/pdf/comparison-of-bacterial-community-structure-in-pm2-5-within-6vtjb18l.pdf

Comparison of Bacterial Community Structure in PM2.5 within Broiler Houses under Different Rearing Systems in China

Interaction between airborne particulates (microplastics) and pathogenic microorganisms

Bioaerosols are ubiquitous and consist of viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollen, dead organisms, and various fragments and excretions. Bioaerosols could play a role in cloud deposition and the formation of ice nuclei that exert significant impact on air quality as well as on human health. Research studies on the composition and structure of microbial aerosols are of great importance for the scientific community to understand the influence of aerosols on climate, environment, and human health. Microbial activity in bioaerosols is influenced by various physical, chemical, and biological factors especially air currents, temperature, relative humidity, seasons, regions, dust, and nutrients. On the other hand, there is a significant paucity of knowledge on the pathways of pathogenic microbes through bioaerosols as well as the community structure of microbes in aerosols of various particle sizes. Moreover, microbial activity in atmospheric bioaerosols is not fully characterized. This chapter will discuss the diversity, sampling and characterization of airborne microorganisms, microbial activity in aerosols with various particle sizes, as well as health risk assessment of microbial aerosols. This review work should help better the understanding of the dispersal pathways of pathogenic microbes through bioaerosols and influential factors. 

Microbial aerosols: analytical methods, dispersal mechanisms and health risk assessment

Standard microbiological techniques were used to evaluate bio-aerosols and associated virulence factors in the Edonwhii Beach Atmosphere in Eastern Obolo LGA, Nigeria. The microbial components of the beach atmosphere were evaluated using Settle Plate and Metagenomics methods. All the culturable bacteria but Escherischia coli, elaborated virulence factor(s), indicating potential to cause disease. At the molecular level, pathogenic genes fliC and hlyA that code for flagellin C and hemolysin A virulence factors were detected. Also detected were strains of Fusarium verticilliodes, Candida krusei, Candida albicans, Trichophytosporon sp and Cladosporium sp and are capable of causing keratitis or other dermal infections in human. High concentrations of microbial pollutants in Edonwhii beach atmosphere are a clear evidence of air pollution which can adversely impact on human health. As a result, continual monitoring of air quality, as well as devising and developing instruments to identify contaminants, is advised. Open defecation near the beach should be avoided, and overall environmental cleanliness should be maintained.

Bio-aerosols and their virulence factors in edonwhii beach atmosphere, eastern obolo lga, nigeria

The welfare and healthy growth of poultry under intensive feeding conditions are closely related to their living environment. In spring, the air quality considerably decreases due to reduced ventilation and aeration in cage systems, which influences the meat quality and health of broilers during normal growth stages. In this study, we analyzed the airborne bacterial communities in PM2.5 and PM10 in cage broiler houses at different broiler growth stages under intensive rearing conditions based on the high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing technique. Our results revealed that PM2.5, PM10 and airborne microbes gradually increased during the broiler growth cycle in poultry houses. Some potential or opportunistic pathogens, including Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Microbacterium, etc., were found in the broiler houses at different growth stages. Our study evaluated variations in the microbial communities in PM2.5 and PM10 and potential opportunistic pathogens during the growth cycle of broilers in poultry houses in the spring. Our findings may provide a basis for developing technologies for air quality control in caged poultry houses.

/pdf/bacterial-communities-in-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-broiler-houses-at-4ook9m2h94.pdf

Bacterial communities in PM2.5 and PM10 in broiler houses at different broiler growth stages in spring.

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Bacterial communities in PM2.5 and PM10 in broiler houses at different broiler growth stages in spring.