Adhesion of polymers

Polymers have been widely used for biomedical purposes such as medical devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug carriers for drug delivery system (DDS). Using polymers for such medical devices should be entirely sensible, as polymers are generally very soft, highly cost-effective, and relatively biocompatible. In order to encourage further development in the biocompatibility of the polymers for the enhanced use of the materials, the functionalization of the polymer surfaces has been deliberately introduced. Plasma modification is one of the most efficient ways for the surface treatment of polymers, since plasma treatment could selectively modify the chemical and the physical properties of the surface of the polymers by not affecting the original bulk characteristics of the polymers. Also, plasma surface modification offers shorter treatment time as compared with other surface modification methods. When plasma was applied to the polymer surface, functional groups, graft polymerization, coatings, and molecular crosslinking formation would be introduced with or without the change in the surface roughness of the polymer. The highly functionalized polymers by the plasma modifications would be effectively used for the materials in tissue engineering or drug delivery systems. In this paper, the fabrication and the characterization of polymers by several types of plasma treatments are reviewed, followed by the introduction of their applications to the materials in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.

Surface modification of polymers by plasma treatments for the enhancement of biocompatibility and controlled drug release

Noble metal nanoparticles embedding into polymeric materials: From fundamentals to applications.

http://nanomechanics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/IJSS_2007_frictional_sliding.pdf

The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter

The structure of the subsurface layer of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) formed by bombardment with low-energy ions of Ar is reported. It was found that the subsurface region contains a graphitized, cross-linked, and low-molecular weight layers. We argue that ion etching of PMMA is mostly determined by the properties of the top graphitized layer and the processes leading to the formation of this layer. Also, it was found that ion etching causes various defects and typical features to appear on the surface of PMMA: bubbles, waves, and a net with a cell of nanometer size. The stratification of PMMA was demonstrated to play an important role for the development of the surface topology.

Mechanism of etching and surface relief development of PMMA under low-energy ion bombardment

The use of polymeric materials is often limited by low hardness, poor wear resistance and wettability considerations. The area of mechanical changes caused by ion beam treatments has been explored only to a limited extent for polymers despite their growing usage in automotive, biomedical and aerospace applications, in which traditionally metals have been used. Polycarbonate (PC) specimens were subjected to medium–high energy (160 keV) nitrogen ion implantation at different dosage. Ion irradiation, even at low fluence, can improve surface properties in a well controlled way. A colour change from amber to dark brown with increasing fluence is associated with the ion implantation process. Hardness and elastic modulus, as measured by a nanoindenter, increase dramatically with increasing N dose. The surface property improvement can be explained by cross-linking phenomena, responsible for the formation of a three-dimensionally connected rigid network. Such hypothesis is confirmed by TOF-SIMS analyses of untreated and ion bombarded specimens. Too high implanted fluence may induce progressive degradation of the PC surface. Should the thickness of the ion-modified layer be too low for a specific application, it is possible to extend the ion irradiation treatment by plasma or ion beam assisted deposition of hard semi-transparent top layers. Using such a method the advantages of both the techniques can be retained to obtain PC surfaces with optimum wear resistance properties.

Polymer surface modification by ion implantation and reactive deposition of transparent films

The effect of nitrogen implantation into pure aluminium has been extensively explored, taking into account the variation of several physical and technological properties of the implanted layer. In particular, the formation of aluminium nitride, which occurs under specific choices of the implantation parameters, is associated with an increase in hardness. In this work, we consider two Al alloys (Al-7075 and Al-2011), frequently employed in the mechanical industry, with properties strongly dependent on the thermomechanical treatment. Molecular nitrogen bombardment at 150 keV (75keV N + ) was employed, up to a total dose of 3 × 10 17 N cm −2 , varying the substrate temperature from 373 to 473 K. The samples were then characterized with respect to composition, structure, morphology, microhardness, scratch resistance (also performing multi-pass testing) and friction coefficient. The results were interpreted within the framework of micromechanical models describing the hardness of thin coatings deposited onto soft substrates; the microhardness of the implanted layer increased by a factor of five. It appears that nitrogen-implanted aluminium alloy layers, in spite of their shallow thickness, behave better than hard TiN-coated surfaces. Care must be taken to implant both alloys at the lowest possible temperature to avoid degradation of the substrate properties.

Mechanical behaviour of nitrogen-implanted aluminium alloys

Hard coating adhesion on ion implanted polymer surfaces

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Polymer surface modification by ion implantation and reactive deposition of transparent films

Mechanical behaviour of nitrogen-implanted aluminium alloys

Hard coating adhesion on ion implanted polymer surfaces