The invention provides for a fully electrically rechargeable metal anode battery systems and methods of achieving such systems. An electrically rechargeable metal anode cell may comprise a metal electrode, an air contacting electrode, and an aqueous electrolyte separating the metal electrode and the air contacting electrode. In some embodiments, the metal electrode may directly contact the liquid electrolyte and no separator or porous membrane is needed between the air contacting electrode and the electrolyte. Rechargeable metal anode cells may be electrically connected to one another through a centrode connection where a metal electrode of one cell and an air contacting electrode of a second cell are electrically connected. Air tunnels or pathways may be provided between individual metal anode cells arranged in a stack. In some embodiments, an electrolyte flow management system may also be provided to maintain liquid electrolyte at constant levels during charge and discharge cycles.

Electrically rechargeable, metal anode cell and battery systems and methods

Synergism in the design of interconnect alloy–coating combinations solid for oxide fuel cells

Performance, properties and stability of bifunctional air electrodes may be improved by using modified current collectors, and improving water wettability of air electrode structures. This invention provides information on creating non-corroding, electrically rechargeable, bifunctional air electrodes. In some embodiments, this bifunctional air electrode includes a corrosion-resistant outer layer and an electrically conductive inner layer. In some embodiments, this bifunctional air electrode includes titanium suboxides formed by reducing titanium dioxide. Titanium suboxides may be corrosion-resistant and electrically conductive.

Bifunctional (rechargeable) air electrodes

Three-layered ceramic membranes based on stabilized zirconia for planar solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are prepared by the tape casting method. The outer layers containing 94 mol % ZrO2–6 mol % Sc2O3 provide the enhanced mechanical stability; the inner layer has the composition of 89 mol % ZrO2–10 mol % Sc2O3–1 mol % Y2O3 which has the highest anionic conductivity in the series of solid solutions ZrO2–Y2O3–Sc2O3. Studying the mechanical characteristics shows that the ultimate strength (bending strength) of these membranes much exceeds the value typical of single-layered samples. The anionic conductivity of three-layered ceramics is studied by the impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 1Hz to 1 MHz. Membrane-electrode assemblies for SOFCs are fabricated and their electrochemical properties are studied under the conditions of fuel cell operation.

Three-Layered Membranes for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells of the Electrolyte-Supported Design: Characteristics and Applications

Aerosol deposition of thin-film solid electrolyte membranes for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

The results on optimizing the procedure of preparation of the electrode system within membrane–electrode assemblies (MEA) of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) by joint sintering of electrodes at the enhanced temperature close to that of anode sintering are presented. The MEA are prepared based on membranes of the anionic conductor HionicTM (Fuel Cell Materials, USA); the cathode is formed based on cation–deficient lanthanum-strontium manganite (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3 with addition of activated carbon for optimizing its microstructure; the anode is formed on the basis of cermet NiO/10Sc1CeSZ (89 mol % ZrO2, 10 mol % Sc2O3, 1 mol % CeO2). The results of electrochemical testing of model MEA are also shown.

Fabrication of membrane–electrode assemblies for solid-oxide fuel cells by joint sintering of electrodes at high temperature

The method of electrostatic spray pyrolysis was designed to apply protective coatings based on Mn-Co spinel to ferrite stainless steels (Crofer22APU and 08Kh18T1). The comparative thermogravimetric (TG) studies of ferrite stainless steels with and without protective coatings were carried out. The electrochemical characteristics of protective coatings exposed to long current loading were studied. The formation processes of Cr2O3 oxide films were studied at the contact of ferrite stainless steel with La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 ionic and electronic conductor. The coatings of Mn-Co spinel were shown not preventing formation of continuous oxide film on the stainless steel surface.

Protective coatings based on Mn-Co spinel for current collectors of solid oxide fuel cells

Using the citrate sol-gel method, a new complex oxide Ca0.75Y0.25Co0.15Mn0.85O2.92 is synthesized. It is shown that this compound is crystallized in the rhombically distorted version of perovskite structure (a = 0.53397(8), b = 0.7470(1), c = 0.52810(6) nm). The phase is characterized by a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (13.8 ppm K−1) and high electric conductivity (135 S/cm at 900°C). The chemical reaction between Ca0.75Y0.25Co0.15Mn0.85O2.92 and the YSZ and GDC electrolyte materials is studied. The material is highly reactive and reacts with YSZ and GDC at 900°C and 1070°C, respectively. It is concluded that Ca0.75Y0.25Co0.15Mn0.85O2.92 is a promising cathodic material for solid oxide fuel cells, provided a reliable protection SDC sublayer is formed between the cathode and the YSZ membrane.

Calcium-containing cathodic material for solid oxide fuel cells

Thermoionization of bound polaron states in γ-irradiated KBr and NaCl crystals is studied in the temperature range 71–104 K. It is shown that the complex shape of the thermoionization curves in this temperature range is determined by the presence of three types of electron traps that are unstable (each trap decays according to an exponential law) and one type of stable trap. This explains a sharp break on the dependence of the logarithm of the lifetime on the reciprocal temperature, which is observed for a KBr crystal, as well as a number of discrepancies in the results obtained by other authors. The physical parameters (activation energy H for thermoionization, the optical absorption peak Eop, the spectral photoionization threshold Ei, and the energies of phonons participating in the optical absorption, Lop, and in photoionization, Lphc) obtained in the present paper and in our earlier studies on KCl, NaCl, and KBr crystals are analyzed, and the relations between these quantities predicted by available theories are considered.

Energy features of bound polaron states in colored NaCl and KBr crystals

The assumption has been made that defects binding free polarons in colored alkali halide crystals are F'-center, i.e., defects that slow down the motion of dislocations (photoplastic effect). This assumption has been confirmed by the experiments performed in this study. Thus, the anion vacancy in alkali halide crystals at a low temperature can capture three electrons: two electrons at a deep level (F'-center) and one electron in a bound polaron state. This electron is retained due to the energy gain in the interaction of a local deformation of the polaron and a local deformation surrounding the F'-center, despite the presence of the Coulomb repulsion.

Detection of defects binding free polarons in colored alkali halide crystals

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