Proper wall conditioning has turned out to be an essential element for achieving the highest possible plasma performance in present day fusion devices. The main issues are controlling the generation of plasma impurities, liberated by plasma - surface interactions, and controlling the recycling hydrogenic fluxes. The underlying mechanisms are discussed in this paper. The paper presents a review of the different wall conditioning methods. It focuses on low-Z wall coatings (beryllium evaporation, boronization, siliconization, lithium pellet injection) and on helium glow discharge cleaning and assesses their effects on fusion plasmas. New wall conditioning concepts, compatible with steady-state magnetic fields, are discussed in view of future large devices with superconducting coils.

/pdf/wall-conditioning-in-fusion-devices-and-its-influence-on-2uywxpmx29.pdf

Wall conditioning in fusion devices and its influence on plasma performance

Carbonization in tokamaks

6 – Analysis of Surfaces Exposed to Plasmas by Nondestructive Photoacoustic and Photothermal Techniques

The basic parameters of the Joint European Torus (JET) machine are presented together with the reasons that guided their choice. The design principles followed during the conceptual phase are also described. Existing technology and modular design were used as far as possible, with a view to reducing the technological risk and to make the machine easily maintained. For each of the main components of the machine, the design and manufacturing techniques are reviewed. The operating history of the vacuum vessel and associated systems, such as the pumping and bakeout systems, is presented.

The JET machine: design, construction, and operation of the major systems

Experience with limiter- and wall materials in jet

Start up and initial operation of JET

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Start up and initial operation of JET