The general host selection behavior of parasitoid Hymenoptera and a comparison of initial strategies utilized by larvaphagous and oophagous species.

The behavioural responses of parasitic wasps to chemical cues from their hosts and host plants are known to be affected by genetic and environmental components In a previous study of the codling moth ectoparasitoid Hyssopus pallidus, we found that the response of adult parasitoids to the frass of their host caterpillars depended on a learning process involving plant cues In the present study, we investigated how and when learning takes place A series of experiments was conducted involving exposure of parasitoids to fruit cues at different developmental stages While parasitoids were not able to learn the fruit cues in the adult stage, exposure to fruit odour at early preimaginal stages significantly increased the adult response to frass from fruit-fed caterpillars The olfactory memory persisted through metamorphosis, with a retention time of 14 days Preimaginal learning was not confined to fruit cues but was also demonstrated for a host- and fruit-independent cue, menthol Parasitoids exposed to menthol odour at the egg and larval stages no longer showed negative responses as adults Sensitization to fruit cues and habituation to menthol are considered to be the mechanisms involved This study provides evidence of true preimaginal learning of olfactory cues in a parasitic wasp

/pdf/preimaginal-learning-determines-adult-response-to-chemical-3ffs6ylqlv.pdf

Preimaginal learning determines adult response to chemical stimuli in a parasitic wasp.

The host utilization process of insect parasitoids can be described by three stages of (1)habitatlocation, (2)host-location, and (3)host-acceptance andoviposition. There are 19 systems in which chemicals used inhabitat-location have been identified, 12 systems in which chemical cues leading tohost-location have been identified, and 16 systems in which chemicals elicitinghost-acceptance andoviposition have been identified. Both the chemical class and the source of the infochemical change with the stage of the host utilization process. Semiochemicals identified in thehabitatlocation stage were predominantly aldehydes, alcohols, sulfur-containing compounds, esters and terpenes, and were equally likely to be from the host-plant of the host, or from the host itself. Semiochemicals identified in thehost-location stage were sugars, alkanes, terpenes and heterocyclic aromatic compounds and 3/4 of them were host-produced cues. In thehost-acceptance andoviposition stage the identified semiochemicals were all produced by the host and were proteins, amino acids, triglycerides and salts. The importance of recognizing specific cues involved in host utilization by parasitoids is discussed, and suggestions for future research are made.

A survey of identified kairomones and synomones used by insect parasitoids to locate and accept their hosts

The experience of animals in their natal or larval habitats has long been considered a potential source of variation in the habitat choices made later during dispersal. This idea has been of particular interest to evolutionary biologists because of the role such variation plays in the formation of host races and species. However, experiments that have tested for the effect of natal experience on habitat choice have produced widely variable results, leading to disagreement about the ecological importance of these effects. Here, I review the results of experiments within a broad range of animal taxa to assess the potential sources of variation in observed effects of natal experience on habitat choice. I provide a comprehensive summary of previous studies and demonstrate that when natal experience influences habitat choice, it nearly always increases the acceptance of the natal habitat type. Furthermore, I discuss mechanisms that allow natal experience to affect later habitat choice and describe how these mechanisms are influenced by various experimental design elements, such as the life stage at which early experience is provided to subjects. I conclude by reviewing the adaptive hypotheses for why animals might or might not respond to natal experience, and also how these hypotheses might explain interspecific differences in the importance of natal experience during habitat selection decisions. By understanding in what species, and in which contexts, experience influences habitat selection, we will be able to predict the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these effects more accurately.

/pdf/patterns-of-variation-in-the-influence-of-natal-experience-1ppt936qyi.pdf

Patterns of Variation in the Influence of Natal Experience on Habitat Choice

The role of volatile infochemicals emitted by feces of larvae in the host-searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula was evaluated during single- and dual-choice tests inside a wind tunnel. The following treatments were tested: feces produced by second and fourth instars ofPieris rapae (preferred host), second instars ofP. brassicae (inferior host), second instars ofP. napi (nonhost), and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae. During a single-choice situation females ofC. rubecula oriented to all types of feces tested. When a preference was to be made,C. rubecula preferred feces of second instars ofP. rapae over that of fourth, feces ofP. rapae over that ofP. brassicae, feces ofP. napi over that ofP. brassicae, and wet over normal host feces. No preference was exhibited between feces of second instars ofP. napi and that of second instars ofP. rapae. The relative importance of infochemicals from host feces versus plant damage caused by host larvae to the searching behavior ofC. rubecula was also evaluated. Plant damage was more important to the searching females than host feces when feces were present in specific concentrations in relation to damage. The volatiles released by normal and wet feces of second instars ofP. rapae, wet feces of fourth instars ofP. rapae, and normal and wet feces ofP. brassicae were collected and identified. Overall, 85 chemical compounds were recorded belonging to the following chemical groups: alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, isothiocyanates, sulfides, nitriles, furanoids, terpenoids and pyridines. The blend of chemicals emitted by feces of different instars ofP. rapae and different species ofPieris exhibited an instar and species specificity in both quantity and quality. Wetting of normal feces increased the amount of volatile chemicals released, and it was also responsible for the appearance of new compounds. The role of feces of larvae in the host-seeking behavior ofC. rubecula is discussed.

/pdf/role-of-volatile-infochemicals-emitted-by-feces-of-larvae-in-3i8qacnzqx.pdf

Role of volatile infochemicals emitted by feces of larvae in host-searching behavior of parasitoid Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a behavioral and chemical study.

Le comportement de quete des femelles deDiadromus pulchellus Wesmael ou comportement locomoteur implique dans la recherche des chrysalides de l'hoteAcrolepiopsis assectella Zeller, lepidoptere infeode auxAllium L., est etudie en presence de differentes odeurs issues des chrysalides-hotes, du poireau consomme par les larves du phytophage et de certains allelochimiques soufres volatils desAllium. Les deux composantes de ce comportement, la locomotion et l'attraction, sont analysees a deux vitesses d'air differentes dans deux types d'olfactometres tubulaires, l'un a flux d'air continu et l'autre, plus grand, avec des jets d'air alternativement purs et odorants. La locomotion des femelles est analogue avec ou sans flux d'air. Quel que soit l'olfactometre et la vitesse d'air utilisee, cette activite est stimulee quand l'air vehicule l'odeur des limbes attaques et/ou des feces larvaires. Il en est de meme avec deux allelochimiques soufres testes, les disulfure et thiosulfonate de dipropyle, et avec l'acetate d'ethyle present aussi dans lesAllium. Par ailleurs, l'odeur des larves de dernier stade accroit la locomotion des femelles alors que celle des jeunes nymphes est sans effet quel que soit l'olfactometre utilise. L'attraction ne se manifeste que si le flux d'air est presente soit par jets brefs alternativement pur et odorant, soit en continu mais une vitesse minimale est alors necessaire. Dans ces conditions une chemoanemotaxie apparait chez les femelles seulement avec l'odeur du poireau attaque et avec les allelochimiques soufres desAllium. Particulierement, le thiosulfinate de dipropyle aurait un role primordial dans la reponse chemoanemotactique du parasitoide, comme cela a deja ete montre chez les adultes du phytophage-hote. Une anemotaxie existe egalement chez les femelles. Elle est d'autant plus marquee que la vitesse du flux d'air pur est elevee. Le role de celle-ci dans le comportement de quete ainsi que celui de la chemoanemotaxie et de la stimulation de la locomotion par les odeurs liees au vegetal consomme par l'hote est discute.

Analyse, dans deux types d'olfactomètres, du comportement de quête des femelles deDiadromus pulchellus en présence d'odeurs du phytophage-hôte et du végétal attaqué ou non

The study of various behavioural criteria of femaleDiadromus pulchellus parasitoids in the presence of theirAcrolepiopsis assectella hosts has shown the essentially chemical nature of the stimulant determining host recognition. The physical stimuli of the cocoon seem not to be implicated. Thus cocoons whose original texture has been completely altered, either mechanically or chemically, as well as the silk excreted by the host caterpillars significantly stimulates the female parasitoids.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02373144.pdf

Role of the cocoon of Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lep., Hyponomeutoidae) in host recognition by the parasitoid Diadromus pulchellus (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

La specificite deDiadromus pulchellus vis-a-vis de son hote habituel,Acrolepiopsis assectella, est testee a l'aide de 3 autres especes de Lepidoptere,Plutella xylostella, Ephestia kuehniella etPlodia interpunctella. D. pulchellus parasite spontanementA. assectella etP. xylostella, que les chrysalides soient nues ou avec leur cocon et que les larves soient elevees ou non sur leur plante hote. Les 2 autres especes ne sont parasitees que si elles sont introduites dans un cocon d'A. assectella ou deP. xylostella. Le cocon est donc un des elements de la specialisation deD. pulchellus. Il pourrait s'agir de facteurs physiques lies a la structure du cocon, mais egalement de composes chimiques insolubles presents dans la soie et les glandes labiales mais absents des glandes mandibulaires. La specificite deD. pulchellus, essentiellement ethologique, semble renforcee par des facteurs physiologiques nutritionnels, la mortalite deD. pulchellus etant plus elevee dansP. unterpunctella que dans les autres especes hotes, en particulierA. assectella etE. kuehniella. La base trophique des larves est donc plus large que la base de ponte des femelles. Les parasitoides entierement eleves surE. kuehniella ouP. interpunctella etant incapables de pondre spontanement dans les chrysalides des especes dont ils sont issus, l'hypothese d'Hopkins est ici infirmee.

La spécificité de Diadromus pulchellus [Hyménoptère: Ichneumonidae] vis-à-vis de son hôte Acrolepiopsis assectella , la teigne du poireau

The locomotory behaviour of femaleDiadromus pulchellus Wesm. (Ichneumonidae), a specialist endoparasitoid ofAcrolepiopsis assectella Zell. chrysalids, was analyzed in an olfactometer. Three parameters were measured: distance walked, number of turns and female distribution. The volatiles emitted by the larval frass ofA. assectella which feeds exclusively onAllium plants modified all three parameters. When females were placed in contact with frass and/or with the host before the olfactometer test, the number of turns was lower in comparison to that of naive females tested without prior contact with the host and/or its frass. This indicated that the trajectory of experienced females towards the odour source was more direct. Associative learning is a possible mechanism behind this change. No evidence of pre-imaginal experience was found because parasitoids emerging from the chrysalids of a non-host moth,P. interpunctella, responded to the frass volatiles of the usual host,A. assectella, in the same way as parasitoids reared on this latter host.

Pre- and post-imaginal experience in a specialist parasitoid Diadromus pulchellus (Hym.: Ichneumonidae).

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Analyse, dans deux types d'olfactomètres, du comportement de quête des femelles deDiadromus pulchellus en présence d'odeurs du phytophage-hôte et du végétal attaqué ou non

Role of the cocoon of Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lep., Hyponomeutoidae) in host recognition by the parasitoid Diadromus pulchellus (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

La spécificité de Diadromus pulchellus [Hyménoptère: Ichneumonidae] vis-à-vis de son hôte Acrolepiopsis assectella , la teigne du poireau

Pre- and post-imaginal experience in a specialist parasitoid Diadromus pulchellus (Hym.: Ichneumonidae).