In the spinal cord, temperature signals are generated which serve as specific inputs in the central nervous control of body temperature. Because of the spatially distinct organization of afferent and efferent neuronal systems at the spinal level, the afferent pathway for temperature signal transmission could be identified in vivo in the ascending, anterior and lateral tracts with a relationship of about 75:25% between warm and cold sensitive neuraxons. Analysis of spinal neuronal thermosensitivity in vitro on spinal cord tissue slices has been concerned, so far, with the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn as the site of origin of ascending nerve fibers conveying mostly temperature and pain signals, and with lamina X as a site of origin of afferent as well as efferent neurons. A relationship of about 95:5% between warm and cold sensitive neurons was found at the segmental level, indicating that warm sensitivity is the prevailing, primary property of spinal neurons, whereas cold sensitivity seems to be mainly generated by synaptic interaction as a secondary modality. Dynamic responses to temperature changes were frequently displayed in vitro at the spinal segmental level in lamina I + II but not in lamina X, even by neurons whose static activity was little influenced by local temperature. Dynamic thermosensitivity was found less frequently in ascending tract neuraxons and was not observed in hypothalamic neurons receiving temperature signal inputs from the spinal cord, and thus, does not seem to be relevant for the thermosensory function of spinal cord neurons, unlike peripheral warm and cold receptors. A majority of spinal warm sensitive neurons displayed both static and dynamic warm sensitivity as an inherent property after synaptic blockade. In the further analysis of spinal cord thermosensitivity, the in vitro approach permits application of the same electrophysiological and neuropharmacological methods as were established for the analysis of hypothalamic thermosensitivity. In addition, the topography of the spinal cord will provide additional structural and possibly histochemical information to characterize the functions of neurons independently of their thermal properties.

Spinal neuronal thermosensitivity in vivo and in vitro in relation to hypothalamic neuronal thermosensitivity.

1The objective of this study was to determine the changes in plasma concentrations of the hormones arginine vasotocin (AVT) and angiotensin II (AII) associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in Pekin ducks.
2LPS, intravenously administered into conscious birds at doses of 1, 10 and 100 μg kg−1, caused dose-dependent and monophasic increases in body temperature, with fever index values of 3.5, 7.0 and 10.6, respectively.
3Plasma AVT concentrations also increased with the progression of the fever, with the largest elevation (from 8.4 ± 1.6 to 25.2 ± 3.2 pg ml−1; means ± s.e.m., n= 7) being caused by the highest dose of LPS.
4Plasma AII concentrations did not significantly change from basal values (mean of 45.5 ± 6.3 pg ml−1 for all groups) during the acute phase of the fever response.
5The osmotic status of the birds, as indicated by plasma osmolality and electrolyte values, did not significantly change in any of the experimental animals.
6The elevation of AVT in avian fever leads to speculation about a possible antipyretic action of this hormone, which would have particular relevance to understanding the evolution of fever.

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.605bh.x

Antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II plasma concentrations in febrile Pekin ducks

Integration of thermal and osmotic afferent signals in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons.

Deep-body thermosensitivity: Another look.: A tribute to Harold Theodore (Ted) Hammel (1921–2005)

Phasic bursting activity of paraventricular neurons is modulated by temperature and angiotensin II

Temperature dependence of central interneurons was assumed first by Hammel in 1965 to account for the influence of hypothalamic temperature (Thy) on thermoregulatory activities. Specific thermosensory inputs were assumed to be generated in the hypothalamic thermointegrative network, without involving thermoreceptors in the strict sense of the word, by a Q10 ≥ 1 for transmission of cold signals and a Q10 ≫ 1 for transmission of warm signals from peripheral thermoreceptors. A more general view of this idea has been suggested by the unexpected disclosure of inappropriate thermoregulatory responses to thermal stimulation of the avian hypothalamus (Simon et al. 1976). While not compatible with the idea of temperature dependence as a specific mode of temperature transduction, inappropriate thermoresponsiveness of the avian hypothalamus could be accounted for by assuming a Q10 > 1 for warm signal transmission and a Q10 ≫ 1 for cold signal transmission at the hypothalamic level. Inherent to both hypotheses is the assumption of an overall Q10 > 1 of intrahypothalamic transmission and, consequently, a decrease in gain of input-to-effector coupling with decreasing Thy (Simon et al. 1986).

Temperature Dependence of Thermal and Nonthermal Regulation: Hypothalamic Thermo- and Osmoregulation in the Duck

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

E. Simon

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Temperature Dependence of Thermal and Nonthermal Regulation: Hypothalamic Thermo- and Osmoregulation in the Duck