The detection of photons over a very broad energy range is a challenging task in numerous fields of basic and applied research. We review here some techniques that have the potential of becoming the leading tools for photon detection in the next decades. The review covers gaseous detectors, hybrid detectors, solid state and superconducting devices.

/pdf/photon-detectors-for-the-21st-century-2j6c6u4n9q.pdf

Photon detectors for the 21st century

Microdot avalanche chambers (MDOT) equipped with thin semitransparent Cr photocathodes, were characterized with UV photons at low gas pressure. Gains superior to 104 were reached with gas multiplication at the dots. In a mode where preamplification in the gas volume precedes the additional dot multiplication, gains superior to 106 were measured at 30–60 torr of propane. The fast amplification mechanism results in narrow high amplitude pulses with 2–3 ns rise time, visible with no further electronic amplification means. We present here our preliminary results and briefly discuss potential applications.

On the high gain operation of low-pressure microdot gas avalanche chambers

We describe a technique for protecting alkali-antimonide visible light photocathodes against deterioration by exposure to impurities, during handling or storage in poor vacuum or gas. The photocathodes are coated with a ∼1 μ m vacuum-deposited hexatriacontane film, which can be subsequently removed by low-temperature sublimation . We show that Cs 3 Sb coated photocathodes can be exposed for several minutes to considerable amounts of oxygen, without deterioration. Their initial photoemission properties are almost fully recovered after film removal.

Removable organic protective coating for alkali-antimonide photocathodes

Detection of single photoelectrons from internal photocathodes using a Gas Electron Multiplier is investigated with the help of a simulation. Results indicate that full efficiency may be obtained with a two-step amplification process.

/pdf/detection-of-single-electrons-emitted-by-internal-3c89hbw67d.pdf

Detection of single electrons emitted by internal photocathodes with the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)

Evaluation of high sensitivity flat-panel gaseous detectors of flames, sparks and smoke

Our latest results in the development of gaseous detectors for visible photons are presented in this paper. Quantum efficiencies of a few percent at 400 nm were routinely achieved. These detectors can operate at gas gains up to ∼1000. The main effort was focused on a study of the effect of different liquids and solid layers on the quantum efficiency of photocathodes. Some of these layers make the photocathodes more robust, while others increase the quantum efficiency. It was found, for example, that thin layers of solid and liquid Xe and Kr enhance the quantum efficiency by a factor ∼2. These solid layers can also protect the photocathodes against some impurities in the surrounding gas. After some further development gaseous detectors for visible photons will probably find applications in crystal calorimetry, noble liquid scintillation detectors, Cherenkov counters, air shower detectors and the readout of scintillating fibers for preshower and max-shower detectors.

/pdf/high-efficiency-photocathodes-for-gaseous-detectors-of-10ycgmf7vt.pdf

High efficiency photocathodes for gaseous detectors of visible photons

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High efficiency photocathodes for gaseous detectors of visible photons