Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment: Editorial

We present a review of emerging x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers based on arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs). Special attention will be given to recent progress in TES applications and in understanding TES physics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/28/8/084003/pdf

Review of superconducting transition-edge sensors for x-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy

We have found experimentally that the critical current of a square thin-film superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) depends exponentially upon the side length L and the square root of the temperature T, a behavior that has a natural theoretical explanation in terms of longitudinal proximity effects if the TES is regarded as a weak link between superconducting leads. As a consequence, the effective transition temperature T(sub c) of the TES is current-dependent and at fixed current scales as 1/L(sup 2). We also have found that the critical current can show clear Fraunhofer-like oscillations in an applied magnetic field, similar to those found in Josephson junctions. We have observed the longitudinal proximity effect in these devices over extraordinarily long lengths up to 290 micrometers, 1450 times the mean-free path.

/pdf/longitudinal-proximity-effects-in-superconducting-transition-4fhe2zk8ss.pdf

Longitudinal proximity effects in superconducting transition-edge sensors.

Improvements in superconductor device fabrication, detector hybridization techniques, and superconducting quantum interference device readout have made square-centimeter-sized arrays of gamma-ray microcalorimeters, based on transition-edge sensors (TESs), possible At these collecting areas, gamma microcalorimeters can utilize their unprecedented energy resolution to perform spectroscopy in a number of applications that are limited by closely-spaced spectral peaks, for example, the nondestructive analysis of nuclear materials We have built a 256 pixel spectrometer with an average full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 53 eV at 97 keV, a useable dynamic range above 400 keV, and a collecting area of 5 cm2 We have demonstrated multiplexed readout of the full 256 pixel array with 236 of the pixels (91%) giving spectroscopic data This is the largest multiplexed array of TES microcalorimeters to date This paper will review the spectrometer, highlighting the instrument design, detector fabrication, readout, operation of the instrument, and data processing Further, we describe the characterization and performance of the newest 256 pixel array

A high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer based on superconducting microcalorimeters

A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.

Physica c-superconductivity and its applications

We present results from the largest array of gamma-ray microcalorimeters operated to date. The microcalorimeters consist of Mo/Cu transition-edge sensors with attached Sn absorbers. The detector array contains 66 pixels each with an active area 2.25 mm2. Out of 66 pixels, 55 are active, and 31 were used to acquire a high statistics Pu gamma-ray spectrum. The energy resolution of the best 21 pixels was found to be 120 eV FWHM. The array is read out using time domain SQUID multiplexing. Here, we describe the multiplexing and present a high statistics Pu spectra. Because of the large collecting area of our array, the statistical error in the 240Pu line intensity is approximately 0.7%, which is comparable to the systematic error in a measurement with a 500 eV germanium sensor. Hence, we have reached an important threshold for demonstrating improved isotopic measurements with microcalorimeter sensors. With straightforward changes, we plan to achieve a resolution of about 50 eV FWHM with 256 multiplexed detectors. Finally, we present early estimates of on-chip heating within our sensor array.

/pdf/improved-isotopic-analysis-with-a-large-array-of-gamma-ray-1vk9imi2ya.pdf

Improved Isotopic Analysis With a Large Array of Gamma-Ray Microcalorimeters

We discuss recent developments in using cryogenic microcalorimeter detectors for x- and gamma-ray spectroscopy. We are currently operating a detector array consisting of thirteen pixels with time-domain multiplexed readout. With a single pixel from this detector, we have measured 97.43-keV gamma rays from 153-Gd with 22-eV resolution (FWHM). We have also made the first multiplexed array measurements of plutonium x- and gamma-rays with 45-eV resolution. We are currently testing a 66-pixel next-generation detector chip. Preliminary measurements with the new detector indicate improved energy linearity and single-pixel energy resolution of 50-100 eV at 100 keV. We present preliminary calibration data from this chip, and a high-statistics multiplexed 21-pixel spectrum of the Pu x-ray region between 90 and 130 keV.

Large-Area Microcalorimeter Detectors for Ultra-High-Resolution X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy

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Improved Isotopic Analysis With a Large Array of Gamma-Ray Microcalorimeters

Large-Area Microcalorimeter Detectors for Ultra-High-Resolution X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy