Since its initial detection in Turkey in 2009, the invasive destructive pest South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has started its new invasion journey to east and invaded most Asian countries. This pest currently causes extensive damage to tomato production and potentially threatens key production areas such as China. To provide an overview of current status of T. absoluta in Asia, we have briefly reviewed the damage and economic impacts by this pest locally and discussed why this species has spread so rapidly among the countries. Moreover, ongoing integrated pest management options are summarized in newly invaded areas with an emphasis of discussing the potential control failures by chemical insecticides. Future research efforts on developing promising management technologies are recommended. Finally, we suggest building a cross-regional network to enhance the sustainable control of this pest.

Tuta absoluta continues to disperse in Asia: damage, ongoing management and future challenges

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.

Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions

The present checklist provides the results of a survey of collected and identified mesostigmatic mites in Iran (excluding the family Phytoseiidae) including 348 species belonging to 128 genera, 39 families, and 17 superfamilies of which one genus ( Trachyuropoda Berlese, 1888) is a new record for Iranian mite fauna. It is annotated with some corrections to specific identities which have previously reported by Iranian literature and with known geographical and habitats distributions inIran. Suborders Sejida and Trigynaspida comprise three and seven recorded species belonging to two and six genera, respectively, and Monogynaspida (except the Phytoseiidae) with 338 species belonging to 120 genera. No species of the cohorts Heatherellina and Heterozerconina has been recorded fromIran yet.

An annotated checklist of Iranian Mesostigmata (Acari), excluding the family Phytoseiidae

This catalog comprises 56 genera and 266 species of mite names of superfamilies Raphignathoidea and Tetranychoidea recorded from Iran at the end of January, 2013. Data on the mite distributions and habitats based on the published information are included. Remarks about the incorrect reports and nomen nudum species are also presented.

/pdf/a-catalog-of-iranian-prostigmatic-mites-of-superfamilies-1msee5n58l.pdf

A catalog of Iranian prostigmatic mites of superfamilies Raphignathoidea & Tetranychoidea (Acari)

Soil abiotic factors and plant traits are able to trigger bottom-up effects along the tri-trophic plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions. The consequences could be useful for controlling the insect herbivores. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a devastating invasive leaf-mining pest on tomato and other solanaceous plants, is currently threatening the tomato production worldwide. Recent knowledge of bottom-up effects on this pest has been gained, with fertilization, irrigation, plant resistance traits, as well as their interactions, being the major sources of these effects. Evidence is now emerging on how they impact on the performance of the moth from the perspective of tri-trophic interactions. In this review, we summarize the essential experiments studying the bottom-up effects on T. absoluta and discuss the implications of those findings for the Integrated Pest Management programs. Future promising research directions are then proposed.

/pdf/bottom-up-effects-of-irrigation-fertilization-and-plant-20aq91wbqj.pdf

Bottom-up effects of irrigation, fertilization and plant resistance on Tuta absoluta: implications for Integrated Pest Management

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato plants originating from South America. In this study, the effect of three tomato cultivars on the life table parameters of T. absoluta was investigated. Data were analysed based on age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The net reproduction rate (R0) of T. absoluta on Falkato, Isabella and Grandella cultivars was determined as 15.73 ± 3.35, 17.66 ± 3.33 and 10.03 ± 4.10 eggs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) value on those cultivars was 0.09 ± 0.007, 0.095 ± 0.006 and 0.074 ± 0.017 day−1, respectively. Finite population rates of increase (λ) were 1.095 ± 0.008, 1.099 ± 0.007 and 1.076 ± 0.018 day−1, and mean generation times (T) on the three cultivars were 30.09 ± 0.29, 30.22 ± 0.27 and 31.12 ± 0.65 days, respectively. The egg incubation period, pre-adult duration and fecundity on these tomato cultivars was also calculated. The results showed no significant differences between r, R0, and T on the three tested tomato cultivars. These findings can be useful for developing an integrated pest management strategy against this noxious pest.

Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars

It has long been hypothesized that there is a relationship between pigment content of host plant and pest densities. This study aimed to assess the amount of tomato carotenoid, chlorophyll content and leaf area damage in response to different levels of damage caused by the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepodoptera: Gelechiidae). The results confirmed the effect of pest density on chlorophyll a, b, a+b, and carotenoids contents were all significant in the first year of study. During the second year, the effect of T. absoluta treatments on chlorophyll “a”, “b”, “a+b” and on carotenoids was significant. The highest and lowest values of pigment content were recorded in control and plant treatments of eight T. absoluta eggs in the first year and plant treatments of sixteen eggs in the second year, respectively. The results of leaf loss assessment demonstrated a significantly different consumed leaf area across the different densities of T. absoluta eggs in both years. The results are useful in gaining an oversight of pest density influences on tomato pigment content. By estimating the reduction of the pigments content and or reducing the green tissue of the plant and its relationship with the pest density, damage can be prevented before it reaches the economic injury level.

Pest density influences on tomato pigment contents: the South American tomato pinworm scenario

Faunistic study of fruit tree mites in hamedan province, west of iran

Wolbachia-mediated Reproductive Alterations in Arthropod Hosts and its use for Biocontrol Program

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a devastating pest of tomato plants, originates from South America but it has been considered an invasive pest for Iran since 2010. To assess crop loss caused by this pest, a study was conducted in a 600 m2 field under a randomised complete block design. The impact of different initial densities of T. absoluta, including control (without infestation), one, two, four, and eight T. absoluta eggs on each host plant in the first and second year was investigated with an additional treatment (16 pinworm eggs per host plant) used in the second year. Yield attributes including length and width of fruits, numbers of infested and intact fruits along with their weights were sampled and assessed on a weekly basis. In addition, the correlation between the number of galleries and these characteristics was also investigated. Crop loss data demonstrated that the effect of different infestation levels on fruit size and the weight of intact fruits was not significant over both years. However, the effect of treatment on the percentage and weight of infested fruits was shown to be significantly different in 2014 and 2015. Furthermore, there was a negative significant correlation between the number of galleries and weight of infested fruits in both years. Collectively, these results will be useful for enhancing pest management programs of T. absoluta in Iran.

Assessment of Tuta absoluta yield loss in Iranian tomato crops

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