Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% w/w of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.

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An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries.

Rise in human population and gradual decline in fossil fuels are increasing the demand for fuels and causing an upsurge in fuel prices and global warming. Concomitantly, consumers have raised their health awareness by taking various supplements, e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, thus calling for advanced nutraceuticals. Both issues are addressed by recent research on microalgae, which can be easily cultivated to produce lipidic biofuels and active drugs. Here, we reviewed the types and biosynthesis of microalgal lipids. We discuss genetic engineering and manipulation of cultivation conditions for enhancing lipid production. We present techniques for lipid extraction, with focus on green techniques. We also discuss the technical and economic challenges in manufacturing microalgae-based biofuels and other bioproducts at the industrial scale. Last, the market potentials and further research directions for future commercialization of microalgae lipids are discussed.

Green technology for the industrial production of biofuels and bioproducts from microalgae: a review

Recent advances in functional foods and nutraceuticals have emphasized the beneficial impact of bioactive molecules on human health and longevity. The omega-3 (ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to exert numerous positive effects on cardiovascular events, inflammatory disease, some cancers, and neurological disorders. The primary sources of ω-3 LC-PUFAs for human consumption are cold-water fish and seafood; however, these are harvested currently beyond a sustainable capacity. Therefore, new sources of ω-3 LC-PUFAs such as oleaginous microalgae are regarded as promising alternatives to fish and seafood. In this context, the aim of the present review is to summarize the recent biotechnological progress made regarding the production, purification, and concentration of ω-3 LC-PUFAs from marine microalgae.

Microalgae as sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Biotechnological aspects

Malaysia is one of the world’s largest palm oil producers and exporters, which generates several million tons of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is discharged into the water sources and considered as a major environmental pollutants in Malaysia. Alternatively, POME also contains some nutrients and several minerals, thereby POME could prove as a suitable medium for microbial-based applications, such as wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Different techniques have been employed to effectively utilize the POME at point of generation. One of the alternatives is the cultivation of microalgae in the enriched medium of POME. The present study used POME as growth medium for cultivation of Chlorella sp. and determines the effect of light intensity (ranging from 900 to 12,000 lux) and different CO2 concentrations (ranging from 5% (v/v) to 20% (v/v)) by both experimentally and design expert methods. The results revealed that biomass yield was considerably increased by increasing the CO2 concentration and further improved in the photoautotrophic conditions. The optimum value of 10.9% (v/v) CO2 concentration and 9963.8 lux of light intensity was found to capture maximum CO2 and biomass production. The result obtained from optimization of the microalgal growth under various CO2 concentration, light intensity, their interaction effects, and the squared CO2 concentration suitable for microalgal lipid production under suitable light and CO2 supply. This study suggests that the nutrient sources present in POME could be potentially used to capture the carbon or CO2 and reduce the economic impact of carbon emissions. In addition, enhanced biomass yield will increase the yield for biodiesel production by Chlorella sp.

Microalgae cultivation using palm oil mill effluent as growth medium for lipid production with the effect of CO2 supply and light intensity

Modeling to enhance attached microalgal biomass growth onto fluidized beds packed in nutrients-rich wastewater whilst simultaneously biofixing CO2 into lipid for biodiesel production

Microalgae are a promising raw material source for the production of lipids. However, the existing technologies of lipid extraction from microalgae would benefit from their improvement. The objective of the present study was to determine optimal conditions for lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) microalgae biomass.As a result of the conducted research, a method of cell walls disruption has been selected, and types and ratio of polar and non-polar solvents at the extraction stage have been experimentally identified. Also, the influence of extraction process conditions (temperature, type, and amount of extraction solvents added per unit of biomass) on the degree of lipid extraction from C. vulgaris IFR ??-111 microalgae biomass has been determined.The efficiency of microalgae cell walls disruption has been compared for the following disruption methods: microwave radiation, ‘osmotic shock’, ferromagnetic vortex layer treatment, enzyme solution treatment, and antibiotics treatment.A comparative analysis of the extraction solvents used for the extraction of lipids allowed to conclude that the use of a mixture of polar and non-polar extraction solvents almost quadruples the recovery of lipids (3.95 times as high) as compared to the extraction with non-polar solvent only. The optimum ratio of solvents of ethanol - petroleum ether 2:1 (vol.), and the temperature of 47÷50 °C provides the maximum degree of lipid recovery – 28 %.A mathematical model of the lipid extraction process has been developed and optimal conditions for the extraction have been determined.

Enhanced Lipid Extraction from Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris Biomass: Experiments, Modelling, Optimization

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Enhanced Lipid Extraction from Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris Biomass: Experiments, Modelling, Optimization