PURPOSE: Clinical aberrometry is commonly undertaken with the use of mydriatic agents, however there is no literature available on whether aberrometry results obtained under cycloplegia differ from those obtained without cycloplegia. METHODS: Higher order aberrations were measured over a 6-mm pupil with a Bausch and Lomb Technolas Zywave Aberrometer on the right eyes of 31 young subjects (average age 19.7 +/- 1.7 years; 5 females, 16 males). Two measurement conditions were used for each subject: 1) topical installation of 3 drops 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride; and 2) topical installation of 1 drop 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, prior to aberrometry measurements. RESULTS: For higher order aberrations (3rd to 5th order), average root mean square (RMS) after phenylephrine measurement (0.3852 microm) was significantly lower than after cyclopentolate (0.4259 microm). A small but statistically significant difference was found between the two conditions for average vertical and horizontal coma and, to a lesser extent, horizontal 5th order aberrations. Repeatability RMS, a measure of test-retest measurement repeatability, was similar for the two conditions at 0.15 microm, and significantly lower than the average RMS for the difference between the two conditions (residual RMS) of 0.22 microm. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic aberration measurements has implications for surgical correction of higher order aberrations.

Higher order ocular aberrations after cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic pupil dilation

Purpose/aim: Myopia incidence is increasing around the world. Myopization is considered to be caused by a variety of factors. One consideration is whether higher-order aberrations (HOA) influence myopization. More knowledge of optics in anisometropic eyes might give further insight into the development of refractive error. Materials and methods: To analyze the possible influence of HOA on refractive error development, we compared HOA between anisometropes and isometropes. We analyzed HOA up to the 4th order for both eyes of 20 anisometropes (mean age: 43 ± 17 years) and 20 isometropes (mean age: 33 ± 17 years). HOA were measured with the Shack-Hartman i.Profiler (Carl Zeiss, Germany) and were recalculated for a 4 mm pupil. Mean spherical equivalent (MSE) was based on the subjective refraction. Anisometropia was defined as ≥1 D interocular difference in MSE. The mean absolute differences between right and left eyes in spherical equivalent were 0.28 ± 0.21 D in the isometropic group and 2.81 ± 2.04 D in the anisometropic group. Interocular differences in HOA were compared with the interocular difference in MSE using correlations. Results: For isometropes oblique trefoil, vertical coma, horizontal coma and spherical aberration showed significant correlations between the two eyes. In anisometropes, all analyzed higher-order aberrations correlated significantly between the two eyes except oblique secondary astigmatism and secondary astigmatism. When analyzing anisometropes and isometropes separately, no significant correlations were found between interocular differences of higher-order aberrations and MSE. For isometropes and anisometropes combined, tetrafoil correlated significantly with MSE in left eyes. Conclusions: The present study could not show that interocular differences of higher-order aberrations increase with increasing interocular difference in MSE.

Higher Order Aberrations In Anisometropia

Regular physical activity (PA) engagement has multiple benefits for individual general health at all ages and life stages. The present work focuses on badminton, which is one of the most popular sports worldwide. The aim was to conduct a systematic review focused on examining and analysing this sport and the benefits it brings to the health of those who engage in it. Examination was conducted from the viewpoint of overall health and provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art as presented in published scientific literature. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were adhered to. An exhaustive search was conducted of four electronic databases or search engines: Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The search terms used were “badminton AND health” and “badminton AND benefits”. In total, 27 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. After analysing the results, it was concluded that badminton engagement may lead to an improvement in all areas, the most studied being those related to physical health, in particular the improvement of cardiac and pulmonary functions and the development of basic physical capacities.

/pdf/play-badminton-forever-a-systematic-review-of-health-20tset3g.pdf

Play Badminton Forever: A Systematic Review of Health Benefits

Purpose: to identify the most significant factors associated with myopic refraction in medical university students, which can be used for early prediction and prevention of myopia.Materials and methods. The survey data of students of 1–6 courses of Kazan State Medical University and the data on refraction of patients’ eyes obtained from the “Medical record of a patient receiving medical care on an outpatient basis” (registration form No. 025/y) were used. The refraction of the eye in each of the participants was calculated as the average value of the spherical equivalent of the right and left eyes.Results. According to the ophthalmologist’s examination, myopia was detected in 219 (69 %) of the surveyed students. 134 (42 %) students had mild myopia, 66 (21 %) had moderate myopia, 19 (6 %) were highly myopic. Among myopes, 73 % of students wear glasses (160/219), contact lenses — 41 % of respondents (90/219). The median age of onset of spectacle wear was 13 years (Q1–Q3 = 10–26). The median refraction of the right eye (D) was -2.50 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.5…-4.0), the left eye -2.75 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.6…-4.0). The early age of onset of spectacle wear is the factor most significantly associated with myopic refraction (+0.23 D/year, p = 1.30×10-11), and an important prognostic sign of the development of high myopia. Factors associated with stronger myopic refraction are high height and low weight, as well as less physical activity.Conclusion. It is necessary to take into account the anthropometric and behavioral features of the patient when developing an individual plan for the prevention and treatment of myopia, in order to avoid the development of complications leading to vision loss.

Factors Associated with the Myopia Degree in Students

Purpose: a year-long study of the accommodative function of the eye in patients with orthokeratologic (OK) correction, and the analysis of the therapeutic effect of the drug Midrimax® on accommodation overstrain in patients with OK lenses.Material and methods. The study group included 88 patients (176 eyes) with progressive myopia and OK lenses. The control group included 108 patients (216 eyes) who had optical correction with monofocal glasses and soft contact lenses. During the year, the accommodative function of patients of these two groups was studied using a Speedy-I Accommodograph that involved the calculation of accommodative coefficients: the coefficient of accommodative response and the coefficient of accommodative microfluctuations (CMF). The accommodographic examination in the study group was conducted before wearing OK lenses, after 1 month, 6 months and a year of wearing OK lenses. In the control group, the study of accommodation was carried out after 6 and 12 months. To assess the nature of the effect of Mydrimax® on accommodation overstrain, 70 children (140 eyes) with OK correction and varying degrees of accommodation overstrain were examined. A control group and a study group of 35 people (70 eyes) each were formed. In the study group, Mydrimax® was instilled daily before going to bed, 2 drops in each eye for 30 days. The study of accommodation on the Speedy-i accommodograph was conducted before treatment and after 30 days of treatment.Results. Before wearing OK lenses, 50.5 % had normal accommodative function, 33 % revealed lack of accommodation and only 16.5 % had various degrees of accommodation overstrain. After 6 months of using OK lenses, the accommodation pattern changed: 33.5 % of patients retained normal accommodation function, in 15.5 % of cases accommodation insufficiency decreased, but the number of patients (51.0 %) with accommodation overstrain of varying degrees increased. During the next 6 months of wearing OK lenses, the state of accommodation practically did not change: 39.5 % retained normal accommodative function, 10.5 % had insufficient accommodation and 49.5 % accommodation overstrain. The course of treatment with Mydrimax® for 30 days in patients with OK correction was effective at any degree of accommodation overstrain.Conclusion. The use of OK lenses stimulates accommodation by reducing the number of patients with accommodation insufficiency and increasing the number of patients with accommodation overstrain. The use of Mydrimax® for a course of 30 days is effective in patients with OK correction at any degree of accommodation overstrain.

Analysis of the therapeutic effect of Midrimax® on accommodation overstrain in patients with orthokeratological correction

The paper is aimed at comparing the level of aberrations, structure of the wavefront, and its response to cycloplegia in children with different refractions before they started practicing badminton regularly and after a year’s duration of this practice. Material and methods. 40 children (80 eyes) with refractive errors from +6.63 to -6.75 D (average -1.28 ± 2.28 D) aged 7 to 11 years (average 9.24 ± 1.06 years) were examined before the practice, 6 months after practice start (38 children, 72 eyes) and after 1 year of badminton playing (27 children, 54 eyes). All patients underwent wavefront aberrometry before and after cycloplegia on an OPD-Scan III (Nidek) aberrometer. We analyzed Zernike coefficients up to the 12th order inclusive: vertical and horizontal slope (tilt 1, tilt 2), vertical and horizontal trefoil (trefoil 6, trefoil 9), vertical and horizontal coma (coma 7, coma 8), spherical aberration (SA), mean square deviation from the ideal wavefront (RMS). Results. SA in myopia was found to be negative, in hyperopia positive; tilt 1, tilt 2, trefoil 9, coma 7 in myopia were significantly higher, and coma 8 significantly lower than in hyperopia. The slope of the wavefront (tilt 1, tilt 2) in cycloplegia falls significantly in hyperopic eyes and does not change in myopic ones. The latter fact points to insufficient tension of Zinn ligaments in the myopic eye. Regular badminton practice results in significant changes in wavefront aberrations, indicating a strengthening of the ligaments of the lens and the normalization of the ciliary muscle tone. Conclusions. The structure of the wavefront in children with different refractions shows significant differences. Badminton helps strengthen the ligaments of the lens.

/pdf/sostoianie-i-dinamika-volnovogo-fronta-glaza-u-detei-s-51udpudmhp.pdf

Состояние и динамика волнового фронта глаза у детей с различной рефракцией на фоне регулярных занятий спортом (бадминтоном)

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Состояние и динамика волнового фронта глаза у детей с различной рефракцией на фоне регулярных занятий спортом (бадминтоном)