Background
The quality of the early environment is hypothesized to be an influence on morphological development in key neural areas related to affective responding, but direct evidence to support this possibility is limited. In a 22-year longitudinal study, we examined hippocampal and amygdala volumes in adulthood in relation to early infant attachment status, an important indicator of the quality of the early caregiving environment.

Methods
Participants (N = 59) were derived from a prospective longitudinal study of the impact of maternal postnatal depression on child development. Infant attachment status (24 Secure; 35 Insecure) was observed at 18 months of age, and MRI assessments were completed at 22 years.

Results
In line with hypotheses, insecure versus secure infant attachment status was associated with larger amygdala volumes in young adults, an effect that was not accounted for by maternal depression history. We did not find early infant attachment status to predict hippocampal volumes.

Conclusions
Common variations in the quality of early environment are associated with gross alterations in amygdala morphology in the adult brain. Further research is required to establish the neural changes that underpin the volumetric differences reported here, and any functional implications.

https://kar.kent.ac.uk/42759/1/Moutsiana%20et%20al.,%202014.pdf

Insecure attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood.

Antibody determinations against H3N2 and H1N1 type A influenza viruses were carried out on paired sera obtained from volunteers taking part in influenza virus vaccine studies, using both the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) test. Good correlation between the HI and SRH test was found for both H3N2 and H1N1 antibody and the zone area increases corresponding to significant SRH antibody rises determined for both virus strains. In both H3N2 and H1N1 vaccine studies, intranasal infection of the volunteers with live attenuated viruses was involved and by the measurement of HI and SRH antibodies prior to and following infection, levels of antibody equating with protection against the infecting viruses could be estimated. For the HI test the antibody titres associated with 50% protection were 42 for H1N1, and 44 for H3N2 viruses; for the SRH test, 50% protection was associated with zone areas of 20.0-25.0 mm2 for both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses.

/pdf/interpretation-of-responses-and-protective-levels-of-2jplidmiv1.pdf

Interpretation of responses and protective levels of antibody against attenuated influenza A viruses using single radial haemolysis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the demonstration of mumps immunoglobulin G (IgG ELISA) and immunoglobulin M antibodies (IgM ELISA) in serum was compared with complement fixation (CF), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) tests. The antibody levels measured by IgG ELISA had a high positive correlation with the CF and HIG tests, whereas only a moderate correlation was found between IgG ELISA and HI. Similar patterns of antibody response were observed with IgG ELISA, CF, and HIG: the antibody tires increased rapidly after the onset of symptoms and reached the maximal values in about three weeks. The HI antibodies developed more slowly during the first week of disease, after which the titres increased rapidly up to the fourth week. IgM antibodies measured by ELISA developed soon after onset of symptoms; most patients had IgM antibodies from the second day, and the highest titres were reached within the first week. The antibody response in mumps parotitis did not differ from that in mumps meningitis/encephalitis, while relatively higher antibody titres were found in patients with orchitis/epididymitis. The diagnostic efficiencies of the methods were compared with serum specimens from 33 patients who had a serologically verified mumps infection by at least one of the five methods used (rising antibody titres in paired sera or detectable IgM): IgM ELISA detected all 33 cases, IgG ELISA 29, HIG 28, HI 23, and CF 13. In 27 cases, IgM antibodies were already present in the acute phase serum specimens. It was concluded that mumps IgM ELISA is a more rapid and sensitive means for the serological diagnosis of mumps infection than the conventional tests.

Mumps-specific immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in natural mumps infection as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The antibody and HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to influenza vaccine of 36 volunteers were analysed. Three vaccines were used: a live attenuated, and two types of inactivated, a whole virus and a purified surface antigen vaccine. Antibody to haemagglutinin (HA) was assayed using plaque neutralization, single-radial-haemolysis and haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) techniques. Antibodies to nucleoprotein and matrix antigens were also measured. Most of the volunteers had antibody responses to the HA in the inactivated vaccines which were detected by all three techniques. Nine of the twelve recipients of the live virus vaccine did not have an antibody response detected by the HI test, but four of these did have antibody responses when the plaque neutralization test was used. Single-radial-haemolysis was more sensitive than the HI test for detecting low levels of antibody, but the plaque neutralization test was the most sensitive for detecting low levels of antibody. Most volunteers had a rise in their HLA-restricted influenza-specific memory CTL response, but three recipients of live vaccine who did not have an antibody response by any technique also did not have an increase in their cytotoxic T cell activity. Three volunteers, two of whom had received live vaccine, had a positive CTL response without antibody response.

Antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses of humans to live and inactivated influenza vaccines

The hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) technique was adapted for rubella antibody determinations. Use of sucrose gradient purified virus and its coupling with CrCl3 to chicken erythrocytes resulted in gel plates that could be stored for several weeks and were suitable for reproducible antibody determinations. In a serological survey of young healthy adults the HIG values (range less than 2--13 mm) were in close correlation to those obtained by the HI test (less than 10 5o 320). The Hig test seems well suited for screening the need of vaccination. Seronegative sera (HIG less than 2,HI less than 10) gave without heat inactivation hemolysis zones ranging from 4 to 6.5 mm. Although the present rubella HIG test did not measure IgM antibodies, the test, by virtue of its accuracy and sensitivity--extending to antibody levels corresponding to HI titers 2--10--provides a simpler and more rapid means for diagnosis of rubella infections than the conventional HI and CF tests.

Hemolysis-in-gel test in immunity surveys and diagnosis of rubella.

A stabilized modification of the single radial haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) technique was developed. Crude mumps or influenza virus preparations were coupled to erythrocytes with CrCl3 and mounted in agarose gel containing diluted guinea pig serum.

/pdf/determination-of-mumps-and-influenza-antibodies-by-bincqp2l26.pdf

Determination of mumps and influenza antibodies by haemolysis-in-gel.

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Determination of mumps and influenza antibodies by haemolysis-in-gel.