Portuguese children dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins - An overview of risk assessment under MYCOMIX project.

La nutricion adecuada durante los primeros dos anos de vida es fundamental para el desarrollo pleno del potencial de cada ser humano; actualmente se reconoce que este periodo es una ventana critica para la promocion de un crecimiento y desarrollo optimos y un buen estado de salud. Por tanto, cumplir con una alimentacion adecuada en esta etapa de la vida tiene impacto sobre la salud, estado de nutricion, crecimiento y desarrollo de los ninos; no solo en el corto plazo, sino en el mediano y largo plazo. El presente trabajo ofrece recomendaciones de alimentacion complementaria (AC) que se presentan en forma de preguntas o enunciados que consideran temas importantes para quienes atienden ninos durante esta etapa de la vida; por ejemplo: inicio de la alimentacion complementaria a los 4 o 6 meses de edad; exposicion a alimentos potencialmente alergenicos; introduccion de bebidas azucaradas; uso de edulcorantes artificiales y productos light; secuencia de introduccion de alimentos; modificaciones de consistencia de alimentos de acuerdo a la maduracion neurologica; numero de dias para probar aceptacion y tolerancia a los alimentos nuevos; cantidades por cada tiempo de comida; practicas inadecuadas de alimentacion complementaria; mitos y realidades de la alimentacion complementaria; hitos del desarrollo; practica del “Baby Led Weaning” y practica de vegetarianismo

/pdf/consenso-para-las-practicas-de-alimentacion-complementaria-o7qtxc265v.pdf

Consenso para las prácticas de alimentación complementaria en lactantes sanos

Objectives
To explore parents' perceptions of the eating behaviors and related feeding practices of their young children. 
Methods
Mothers (N=740) of children aged 12 to 36 months and born in South Australia were randomly selected by birth date in four 6-month age bands from a centralized statewide database and invited to complete a postal questionnaire.
Results
Valid completed questionnaires were returned for 374 children (51% response rate; 54% female). Although mothers generally reported being confident and happy in feeding their children, 23% often worried that they gave their child the right amount of food. Based on a checklist of 36 specified items, 15% of children consumed no vegetables in the previous 24 hours, 11% no fruit and for a further 8% juice was the only fruit. Of 12 specified high fat/sugar foods and drinks, 11% of children consumed none, 20% one, 26% two, and 43% three or more. Six of eight child-feeding practices that promote healthy eating behaviors were undertaken by 75% parents 'often' or 'all of the time'. However, 8 of 11 practices that do not promote healthy eating were undertaken by a third of mothers at least ‘sometimes’. 
Conclusions
In this representative sample, dietary quality issues emerge early and inappropriate feeding practices are prevalent thus identifying the need for very early interventions that promote healthy food preferences and positive feeding practices. Such programs should focus not just on the 'what', but also the 'how' of early feeding, including the feeding relationship and processes appropriate to developmental stage. 
Key words: Maternal feeding practices, infants, obesity

Maternal feeding practices and feeding behaviors of Australian children aged 12 to 36 months

In the first 2 years of life, it is important to limit exposure to foods high in free sugars, in order to lay foundations for lifelong eating patterns associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease. Intake data at this age is limited, so compliance with recommendations is not known. This analysis describes free sugars intakes, food sources and determinants of high consumption among Australian children at 2 years of age. Free sugars intakes were estimated using a customized Food Frequency Questionnaire, and median usual free sugars intake at 2 years was 22.5 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 12.8–37.7) g/day, contributing a median 8% of the estimated energy requirement (EER). Based on the EER, most children (71.1%) exceeded the World Health Organization recommendation that <5% of energy should come from free sugars, with 38% of participants exceeding the <10% recommendation. Children from households with the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage were more likely to exceed the 10% recommendation (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.44, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.13–1.84), and be in the top tertile for free sugars intake (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10) than the least disadvantaged. Main sources of free sugars were non-core foods, such as fruit juice, biscuits, cakes, desserts and confectionery; with yogurt and non-dairy milk alternatives the two notable exceptions. Improved efforts to reduce free sugars are needed from the introduction of solid food, with a particular focus on fruit juice and non-core foods.

https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/117969/2/hdl_117969.pdf

Free Sugars Intake, Sources and Determinants of High Consumption among Australian 2-Year-Olds in the SMILE Cohort

Although the need to reduce the sugar content of processed products has been widely acknowledged, progress has been slow. So far, sugar reduction strategies have been targeted at minimizing the sensory changes associated with product reformulation, mainly through the use of non-nutritive sweeteners. However, emerging evidence has shown that we may have been following the wrong path by focusing on reducing sugar while maintaining sweetness. The aim of this review is to critically discuss sugar reduction strategies in the light of recent evidence related to consumers’ hedonic sensitivity to sugar reduction, the potential negative effects of uncoupling sweet taste from energy load, and the limited effectiveness of voluntary agreements for sugar reduction. In addition, the need to adopt a food systems approach that tackles the incentives and creates disincentives to produce and commercialize high-sugar products is stressed.

Rethinking sugar reduction in processed foods

Background

The current literature regarding the transition from milks to solid foods across the first 2 years of life is limited despite the important influence of early dietary intake on children's growth and development. The present study describes dietary intake from birth to 2 years across four developmental relevant time-points within an Australian birth cohort.



Methods

Dietary data from 466 infants was collected at four time-points in the first 2 years of life via parent-reported questionnaire, including a 45-item food and beverage frequency questionnaire. Subsample analyses of children who were aged 1–3, 6–8, 12–14 and 18–20 months at the time of data collection were conducted.



Results

Infant formula remained consistently consumed by over 75% of children from the 6–8- to 18–20 months old age groups. Mean (SD) age of introduction to solid foods was 5.2 (1.3) months. Almost 20% and 10% of children were introduced before 16 and after 32 weeks, respectively. The highest consumption of core foods, recommended for a healthy diet, daily was seen in the 12–14 months old age group with lower proportions in the 18–20 months old age group coinciding with an increased proportion of children eating discretionary choice foods, not recommended for a healthy diet. Discretionary choice foods/beverages presented in children's diets as early as in the 6–8 months old age group. By 18–20 months, at least 20% of children were consuming savoury biscuits, sweet biscuits, muesli bars and luncheon meats at least twice a week.



Conclusions

The present study identified a number of findings outside the recommendations of the Australian Dietary and Infant Feeding Guidelines. Further work is warranted to explore these outcomes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jhn.12313

Transition from milks to the introduction of solid foods across the first 2 years of life: findings from an Australian birth cohort study.

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Transition from milks to the introduction of solid foods across the first 2 years of life: findings from an Australian birth cohort study.