Dark septate endophytic fungi mitigate the effects of salt stress on cowpea plants

The use of organomineral fertilizers in agriculture instead of mineral fertilizers is a way to add organic compounds to the soil, potentially improving its properties and crop production. Our objective was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of an organomineral fertilizer manufactured from poultry litter and mineral fertilizers. The experiment was carried out in a Humic Cambisol in the subtropical region of Brazil, with high organic matter content, low phosphorus content, and very high potassium content. The study consisted of six treatments: mineral fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, KCl

Agronomic efficiency of organomineral fertilizer in sequential grain crops in southern Brazil

Context Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain with low tannin content may be suitable as an alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) grain in ruminant diets in terms of input costs and drought tolerance, and effects on growth performance and mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions. Aims The study aimed to evaluate the effects of substitution of maize with sorghum grain at different rates on ruminal microbial protein synthesis, CH4 formation and liveweight gain in growing ruminants. Methods Twenty-five Santa Ines lambs (bodyweight 19.0 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly divided into five dietary treatments. Control diet components (on a dry matter basis) were Tifton-85 hay (400 g/kg), maize (405 g/kg), soybean meal (165 g/kg) and commercial mineral supplement (30 g/kg). Sorghum diets comprised the basal diet with the maize grain proportionately substituted with sorghum grain at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (diets S25–S100). Lamb feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and CH4 emission were measured during an experimental period of 70 days. Key results Negligible variations of chemical composition were observed among the experimental diets, although numerical increases in condensed tannins were observed with increasing levels of sorghum replacement. There was no significant effect of level of sorghum inclusion on feed intake. Partial substitution of maize with sorghum grain increased lamb average daily gain linearly (P = 0.02) and quadratically (P = 0.002) compared with diets based on either grain alone, with the S50 lambs having the highest values. A linear decrease in dry matter digestibility (P = 0.02), organic matter (P = 0.02) and acid detergent fibre (P = 0.002) was observed for lambs receiving sorghum diets compared with the control. A significant linear (P = 0.023) effect was observed for retained nitrogen (g/day), with lambs fed S25 and S50 having higher values than those in other treatments. All partially substituted diets (S25, S50 and S75) reduced CH4 per unit bodyweight gain in a linear trend (P = 0.03), by 35%, 29% and 33%, respectively, and tended to increase (linear effect, P = 0.09) the calculated amounts of absorbed microbial protein compared with the control diet. Conclusions Low tannin sorghum grains can replace maize grains by up to 75% to maximise ruminal microbial biomass production for optimal lamb growth performance and reduced CH4 emission. Implications Animal productivity can be enhanced while mitigating the environmental impact of livestock production through the partial substitution of maize by low tannin sorghum grains in ruminant diets.

Replacing maize with low tannin sorghum grains: lamb growth performance, microbial protein synthesis and enteric methane production

‘Green Dwarf’ coconut is a fruit of great economic interest, since all its components are used, in addition to water, its main component. It is a culture of humid tropics, widely produced in northeastern Brazil, being an important income source for the region. The phenology study of this type of fruit is extremely important, but there are few studies in literature. Regression models, especially nonlinear growth models, can be of great value to understand how fruit growth behaves. The scarcity of works of this nature may be linked to some difficulties in estimating parameters of nonlinear models, such as assigning initial values to the itterative process. Overcoming this difficulty, for regression analysis, linear or not, several steps need to be respected to ensure the validity of information. Much information can be extracted from nonlinear growth models, such as the asynotic value, growth rate and critical points (maximum acceleration point, inflection point, maximum deceleration point and asynotic deceleration point). The aim of this work was to describe the stages of nonlinear regression analysis and to estimate the critical points of ‘Green Dwarf ’ coconut growth curves. After initial adjustments, the only unmet assumption was independence, adding a first order autoregressive term. Again, models were adjusted and all parameters were significant, with both models, Gompertz and Logistic, adjusting well to data, with slight advantage for the Logistic model with better adjustment quality criteria values, with maximum expected LED and LEDKP values of 21.4037 cm and 21.5478 cm, respectively. The x and y axis of critical points were estimated, with values that can help producers to make more objective decisions about the appropriate time to harvest coconut fruits, considering the most diverse uses of this type of fruit.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-critical-points-of-the-most-adequate-4bqdcos4vv.pdf

Evaluation of the critical points of the most adequate nonlinear model in adjusting growth data of ‘green dwarf’ coconut fruits

Background Clonal propagation is one of the attributes of plant tissue culture. Therefore, analysis of genetic stability among the in vitro cultured plants is a crucial step. It helps to signify the clonal propagation of the micropropagated plants. Regenerated Ficus carica var. Black Jack plantlets were established using woody plant medium supplemented with 20 μM 6-Benzylaminopurine and 8 μM Indole-3-acetic acid under different light treatments such as normal fluorescent white light (60 μmol m-2 s-1), and four different LED spectra, white (400-700 nm), blue (440 nm), red (660 nm) and blue + red (440 nm + 660 nm). Genetic stability analysis was performed on the in vitro and ex vitro plants of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Methods and results Ten primers of each, ISSR and DAMD molecular markers, were used to assess the genetic stability of the eight samples of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. ISSR markers showed 97.87% of monomorphism whereas DAMD markers showed 100% monomorphism. Polymorphism of 2.13% was observed for the UBC840 ISSR-DNA primer which was negated under the genetic similarity index analysis for the eight samples. The findings of this study revealed that ISSR and DAMD markers are efficient in determining the polymorphism and monomorphism percentage among the in vitro and ex vitro samples of Ficus carica var. Black Jack. Conclusion Monomorphism of 100% obtained using DAMD markers and more than 95% of monomorphism obtained using ISSR markers indicate that the regenerated plants are significantly genetically stable. These molecular markers can be used to test the genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plants. It is recommended that genetic stability analysis should be performed for long-term maintenance of such micropropagated plants.

/pdf/assessment-of-genetic-stability-on-in-vitro-and-ex-vitro-3gc3riimpw.pdf

Assessment of genetic stability on in vitro and ex vitro plants of Ficus carica var. black jack using ISSR and DAMD markers.

The objective of this work was to sequence the MyoD1, MyoG, MyF5, MyF6, and MSTN genes and to identify polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 192 lambs with 240 days of age were evaluated, and these genes were sequenced to be compared with the reference sequence in the Ovis aries genome. Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Fragments containing 2,493 bp (MyoD1), 1,836 bp (MyoG), 2,813 bp (MyF5), 1,126 bp (MyF6), and 2,380 bp (MSTN) were obtained, and, in these sequences, 160 variants were identified. These polymorphisms were distributed as follows: 59 (MyoD1), 24 (MyoG), 63 (MyF5), 4 (MyF6), and 10 (MSTN). One hundred and four were novel polymorphisms, 45 in MyoD1, 2 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MSTN. Regarding site, 61 were in intron (27 in MyoD1, 16 in MyoG, 5 in MyF5, 3 in MyF6, and 10 in MSTN), 87 in coding region (22 in MyoD1, 8 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MyF6), and 12 on 3’UTR (10 in MyoD1 and 2 in MyF5). Therefore, the MyoD family and MSTN genes have several polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep, which can be useful for association studies.

/pdf/polymorphisms-in-myod1-myog-myf5-myf6-and-mstn-genes-in-4l2ofk2tbr.pdf

Polymorphisms in MyoD1 , MyoG , MyF5 , MyF6 , and MSTN genes in Santa Inês sheep

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Polymorphisms in MyoD1 , MyoG , MyF5 , MyF6 , and MSTN genes in Santa Inês sheep