In addition to the hormone-producing granulated cells, the so-called folliculostellate (FS) cells of the adenohypophysis represent a population of nongranulated cells extensively described in a large number of species. They show distinctive morphological features including a star shape with thin cytoplasmic projections extending between granulated cells and well-developed junctional complexes. FS cells are joined together surrounding irregular microcavities and project microvilli into the lumina. The immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin constitutes a reliable and easy method for investigating their presence and distribution in the normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenomas. Although the expression of glial cell markers raised the hypothesis of a neuroectodermal origin of FS cells, most evidence supports that they derive from the epithelium of the Rathke's pouch, as do granulated adenohypophyseal cells. Morphological studies indicate that FS cells are involved in phagocytosis and possess sustentacular functions. Investigations using cell cultures show that FS cells play important roles in the paracrine regulation of adenohypophy-seal secretion by their ability to liberate several growth factors and regulate the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid. Further research using novel immunocytochemical markers and ceil culture techniques may clarify the origin and the role of this enigmatic cell type in the normal and pathological pituitary gland.

Folliculostellate cells of the pituitary.

The functioning of the avian pituitary is comprehensively reviewed encompassing the structure and functioning of the pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamus. The avian pituitary gland and neuroendocrine hypothalamus includes the pars distalis or anterior pituitary gland, the pars nervosa or posterior pituitary gland, the infundibular stalk and median eminence. Detailed consideration is given to each of the traditionally accepted hormones of the anterior pituitary gland or pars distalis, namely including the gonadotropins—luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin, growth hormone, and adenocorticotropic hormone together with its precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin. The chemistry, expression, physiology, receptors, and control of each of the hormones are covered.  Consideration is given to other and novel neuropeptides/hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Recent progress is elucidating both the microanatomy and the functioning of the pars tuberalis is discussed. The chemistry and roles of the posterior pituitary hormones or neuropeptides, arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, are discussed.

Chapter 23 – Pituitary Gland

The anterior pituitary gland: Lessons from livestock

Effects of septic shock by repeated inoculations with Escherichia coli on the ultrastructure of the folliculo-stellate cells and cavities of the adenohypophysis of the chicken were investigated in order to determine the function of these cavities. The principal morphological modifications were dilation of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and autophagic vacuoles, and necrosis phenomena in the stellate cells. The follicular cavities showed dilation, and there was heterogeneous dense material and granular elements in the follicular lumen. Based on results reported in the literature, the observations reported here are evidence of a "cleaning-role", for the removal of cell debris, when there is endocrine disfunction.

Ultrastructural Modifications of the Cavities Formed by Folliculostellate Cells in Chicken Adenohypophysis under Septic Shock Conditions

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Ultrastructural Modifications of the Cavities Formed by Folliculostellate Cells in Chicken Adenohypophysis under Septic Shock Conditions