Introduction 
Teaching acrobatic skills with a minimal amount of repetition is a major challenge for coaches. Biomechanical, statistical or computer simulation tools can help them identify the most determinant factors of performance. Release parameters, change in moment of inertia and segmental momentum transfers were identified in the prediction of acrobatics success. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of these parameters in performance throughout expertise or optimisation based improvements. The counter movement forward in flight (CMFIF) was chosen for its intrinsic dichotomy between the accessibility of its attempt and complexity of its mastery.


Methods 
Three repetitions of the CMFIF performed by eight novice and eight advanced female gymnasts were recorded using a motion capture system. Optimal aerial techniques that maximise rotation potential at regrasp were also computed. A 14-segment-multibody-model defined through the Rigid Body Dynamics Library was used to compute recorded and optimal kinematics, and biomechanical parameters. A stepwise multiple linear regression was used to determine the relative contribution of these parameters in novice recorded, novice optimised, advanced recorded and advanced optimised trials. Finally, fixed effects of expertise and optimisation were tested through a mixed-effects analysis.


Results and discussion 
Variation in release state only contributed to performances in novice recorded trials. Moment of inertia contribution to performance increased from novice recorded, to novice optimised, advanced recorded, and advanced optimised trials. Contribution to performance of momentum transfer to the trunk during the flight prevailed in all recorded trials. Although optimisation decreased transfer contribution, momentum transfer to the arms appeared.


Conclusion 
Findings suggest that novices should be coached on both contact and aerial technique. Inversely, mainly improved aerial technique helped advanced gymnasts increase their performance. For both, reduction of the moment of inertia should be focused on. The method proposed in this article could be generalized to any aerial skill learning investigation.

/pdf/identification-of-the-contribution-of-contact-and-aerial-4ciaxiszca.pdf

Identification of the contribution of contact and aerial biomechanical parameters in acrobatic performance.

This chapter introduces and reviews key concepts and terminology of biomechanics for gymnastics relative to pathomechanics of gymnastics injury. Critical concepts include kinematics and kinetics, tissue loading, and an introduction to the biomechanics that make gymnasts unique patients. While an exhaustive review of all aspects of biomechanics is unrealistic in a single chapter, the content herein will better inform the practitioner for critical assessment of gymnastics performance biomechanics as well as provide a base upon which to better explore the growing body of biomechanics literature for enhanced practice of evidence-based medicine.

Biomechanics of Gymnastics

The lack of breaststroke swimming ability among athletes has led to a decline in breaststroke swimming performance in the Solok city swimming association. This problem is thought to be related to the low endurance of leg and arm muscles to the swimming speed of 200 meters breaststroke. This correlational study aims to reveal the contribution of leg muscle endurance, arm muscles, and the joint contribution of both to swimming speed 200 meters breaststroke in athletes coaching achievements in the Solok city swimming association. This study involved 25 swimming athletes in Solok city, with total sampling technique. Data on leg muscle strength endurance was measured through the squat jump test, arm muscle strength endurance through the push up test, and swimming speed through the 200 meter breaststroke swimming test. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple correlations with a significant level of α = 0.05, and the contribution was calculated by the formula r² x 100%. The results of data analysis showed that leg muscle strength endurance contributed 74.65%, while arm muscle strength endurance contributed 70.06%. The combination of both contributed 74.99% to the ability of 200 meters breaststroke swimming speed of athletes coaching achievements in swimming associations in Solok city. 

Endurance of leg muscle strength and endurance of arm muscle strength to the ability of swimming speed 200 meters breaststroke

Purpose : To compare the kinematic profile of 2 underwater pullout breaststroke techniques. Methods : Sixteen swimmers (9 men, 20.67 [2.71] y old; 7 women, 18.86 [0.83] y old) performed 3 × 25-m breaststroke using 2 pullout breaststroke techniques: Fly-Kick first and Combined. A speedometer was used to assess the peak and the mean velocity during the glide, propulsion, and recovery phases of both techniques, as well as for the total underwater sequence. The underwater distance was retrieved from video footage and was considered for each pullout technique. The range of motion of the knee during the fly-kick was also retrieved, and the time to complete the 25 m was considered the performance outcome, accompanied by the mean velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index. Results : Velocity–time series showed different profiles between pullout techniques ( P ≤ .05) mostly in the glide and propulsion phases for males and females, respectively. The mean velocity of 25 m was shown to be greater in females when using the Fly-Kick first technique ( P = .05, d = 0.36). Greater values in total underwater distance and knee range of motion were also observed for this technique in both cohorts. Conclusions : Female swimmers presented a higher performance when using the Fly-Kick first technique. Different kinematic profiles arise when swimmers use different underwater pullout techniques where the Fly-Kick first may allow them to reach higher kinematical standard. 

Understanding the Kinematic Profile of 2 Underwater Pullout Breaststroke Techniques

The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping and bibliometric review of swimming articles related to race analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Articles on race analysis in swimming published between 1984 and December 31, 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. 366 records were screened and a total of 74 articles were retained for analysis. Until 2012, there were some time intervals with no or few publications. From 2012, there was a clear upward trend in publications and citations. This theme was led by the United States of America, Australia, and Spain. Australia and Spain maintain their status as the countries with the most publications. The analysis of author collaborations revealed two clusters with Spanish authors, and the remaining clusters are composed of Portuguese, Swiss, and Australian authors. With this bibliometric review, it has been possible to understand the evolution of the articles published on race analysis in swimming, the countries and the authors that have contributed most to this topic over the years. The prediction model shows that the number of articles and citations on this topic will continue to increase over the next 10 years (until 2034). 

pdf/race-analysis-in-swimming-understanding-the-evolution-of-4eudf8fssq.pdf

Race analysis in swimming: understanding the evolution of publications, citations and networks through a bibliometric review

Since the rule change permitting the inclusion of one dolphin kick during the underwater breaststroke pullout phase following a swim start or turn, there has been an emergence of several different pullout techniques adopted by elite swimmers. The aim of this study was to characterize the underwater breaststroke pullout technique trends and to assess the effectiveness of each technique as utilized by elite male and female swimmers. The sample included 60 swimmers (n = 26 male, n = 34 female) competing across the 50, 100, and 200 m long-course breaststroke final races from the World Championships 2015, 2017, 2019 and Olympic Games 2016. An above-water camera was used to identify and measure the different phases of the underwater pullout techniques, which was found to be a highly accurate methodological approach (ICC = 0.97). From the 150 trials analyzed, three different pullout techniques were identified: the Fly-Kick First technique, the Combined technique and the Pull-Down First technique. Although the most common underwater pullout technique utilized by elite competitive breaststroke swimmers was the Combined technique (n = 71), followed by the Fly-Kick First technique (n = 65) and the Pull-Down First technique (n = 14), it was observed that technical selection deviates according to gender. This indicates that male and female swimmers should not be coached adhering to the same technical model. This study found no significant difference in terms of performance outcome with respect to each of these techniques, indicating that technique selection should be guided by one's individual preference. It was concluded that the results of this study will serve as an up-to-date resource for coaches and swimmers working with elite breaststroke swimmers and as a useful insight to current underwater pullout trends.

The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

The backward tucked somersault dismount from the high bar, also known as a ‘fly-away’, is a basic gymnastic skill. While it is a common practice for gymnasts to practice high-difficulty dismounts upon stable execution of basic skills, there is little evidence to support this practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematic differences of the fly-away dismount performed by elite and non-elite gymnasts. Four elite gymnasts (18±3 y; 166.7±4.3 cm, 61.4±10.4 kg) and four non-elite gymnasts (10±1 y; 137±2 cm, 34.6±8.7 kg) volunteered for the study. The sagittal plane of the release action up to the peak of the flight and the landing were recorded by two cameras at 50Hz. Simi Motion was used to digitize 7 markers placed on the gymnast9s body. The angular position of the release measured from the handstand, the flexion-extension angles of hip and knee joints at the instants of release and landing, the vertical peak of the flight and the horizontal distance of the hip from the bar at the peak of flight were analysed. The differences in the variables were rank-ordered and a Mann Whitney test was used to compare the ranks for the elite and non-elite gymnasts. The angles of hip and knee joints at the instant of release for the elite gymnasts (Hip=mdn (range)=142°(49); Knee=69°(61)) were different from the non-elite gymnasts (Hip=161°(54); Knee=109°(87)). Vertical and horizontal distances at the peak of the flight were different between elite (Vert Peak=1.4 m (0.8); Hor distance=1.7 m (0.9) and non-elite gymnasts (Vert Peak=0.7 m (0.9); Hor distance=1.2 m (0.3)). To improve the performance of the fly away dismount, non-elite gymnasts should focus on their ability to rotate in a full tucked position stressing flexion of hip and knee joints; and control the increased angular momentum. It is assumed that by employing these strategies, a double rotation fly-away will be mastered more quickly.

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/47/17/e4.11.full.pdf

A kinematic comparison of backward tucked somersault dismount performed on high bar by elite and non-elite gymnasts

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The characteristics of the breaststroke pullout in elite swimming

A kinematic comparison of backward tucked somersault dismount performed on high bar by elite and non-elite gymnasts