Twenty-eight Prototheca spp. strains were isolated from secretion of clinically and subclinically inflamed quarters of 25 cows. The strains showed hydrolytic activity of 6 enzymes, assimilated glucose and glycerol and were sensitive or intermediate sensitive to nystatin (85.7%), amphotericine B (42.8%), pimaricine (19.7%), gentamicin (62.5%), neomycin (41.7%) and streptomycin (29.2%). Based upon their morphologic features, assimilation patterns and antibiotic sensitivity, all isolates were identified as Prototheca zopfii.

http://www.piwet.pulawy.pl/doc/biuletyn_46-2/malinowski_317.pdf

Isolation of Prototheca zopfii from inflamed secretion of udders

The aim of the present review is to highlight the threats to human health posed by consumption of milk and dairy products. The interest in drinking raw milk has been growing in some societies as many people believe it has health benefits. Raw milk is promoted as ‘health food’ despite the fact that it poses a realistic microbiological hazard for the consumers’ health or life. Food-borne disease outbreaks associated with Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli, Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus have been traced to the consumption of raw milk, however, many other microorganisms that can be present in milk are considered as potential food-borne pathogens to humans. The other common causative agents in food-borne disease outbreaks are bacterial toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus spp. Some of the milk pathogens harbour antimicrobial resistant genes, which can be transferred to commensal bacteria. Most dangerous are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum beta lactamase/AmpC gene-carrying bacteria from the family of Enterobacteriaceae, which might negatively affect the treatment of infections in humans. Fungi are not considered as food-borne pathogens for humans, however their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, constitute a potential threat to public health. Mycotoxins or their metabolites detected so far in milk samples include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and its metabolites, fumonisins, de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol and cyclopiazonic acid.

/pdf/food-borne-pathogens-and-contaminants-in-raw-milk-a-review-2fifxfkclf.pdf

Food-Borne Pathogens and Contaminants in Raw Milk – A Review

https://www.vims.edu/research/departments/eaah/programs/crustacean/_documents/2007%20Small%20et%20al.%20enzyme%20differences.pdf

Differences in enzyme activities between two species of Hematodinium, parasitic dinoflagellates of crustaceans.

YEASTS are single-celled organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment. They are considered to be natural commensal organisms of the skin and mucous membranes but they can cause disease by opportunistic infections. Yeast-like fungi have been identified in milk samples since as early as 1901 ([

Outbreak of disease due to Candida krusei in a small dairy herd in the UK.

In the present study, 123 collective milk samples from 71 cattle and 52 buffaloes suffering from clinical mastitis with no or poor response to treatment with conventional antibiotics were tested for mycotic mastitis using culture and multiplex PCR (m-PCR) methods. The overall positive percentage of Mycotic mastitis was 25.2 and 30.08% using culture and m-PCR respectively. Milk culture revealed 24 isolates of Candida albicans and 7 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. PCR succeeded to detect A. fumigatus from two samples and C. albicans out of four samples that were culturally negative. These yeast and fungi isolates were tested for their sensitivity toward different probiotic strains from different sources. Results revealed that Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from goat colostrums followed by L. acidophilus isolated from mare colostrums showed the best antifungal activities against C. albicans followed by A. fumigatus, while, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis had no effect. These results showed that Mycotic mastitis is an increasing problem due to the wide misuse of antibiotics as mastitis therapy. Antimicrobials should be used in mastitis in a careful way and effort most be encouraged to apply safe substitutes such as probiotics and bioactive natural compounds for prophylactic and therapeutic use.

/pdf/new-approach-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-bovine-mycotic-340ssgu7j0.pdf

New approach in diagnosis and treatment of Bovine Mycotic Mastitis in Egypt

Enzymatic activity of yeast species isolated from bovine mastitis

Zdrowotnosc wymion krow i czynniki etiologiczne mastitis w gospodarstwach polozonych w roznych regionach kraju

Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki bakterii wyosobnionych z wydzieliny zapalnej gruczolu mlekowego krow

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Enzymatic activity of yeast species isolated from bovine mastitis

Zdrowotnosc wymion krow i czynniki etiologiczne mastitis w gospodarstwach polozonych w roznych regionach kraju

Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki bakterii wyosobnionych z wydzieliny zapalnej gruczolu mlekowego krow