IN view of the interest attaching to the vaporisation and diffusion of solids, the following observations may be worthy of record.

The Diffusion of Solids

Tramp elements such as tin are considered harmful to steel because of hot brittleness they induce at high temperatures. Because tramp elements retained in steel scrap will be enriched in new steel due to the difficultly of their removal, studies on the precipitation behavior of tin are essential. In this study, the effects of different inclusions on the precipitation behavior of tin in steel were studied. The results show that the tin-rich phase precipitates at austenite grain boundaries in an Fe-5%Sn alloy without MnS precipitates, whereas Sn precipitates at the boundaries of MnS inclusions in steel that contains MnS precipitates. MnS is more effective than silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide as a nucleation site for the precipitation of the tin phase, which is consistent with the disregistry between the lattice parameters of the tin phase and those of the inclusions.

Effect of manganese sulfide on the precipitation behavior of tin in steel

Experimental methods, such as OM, SEM and X-EDS, were used to study the transverse cracks appeared on the external arc of tensile region during pipe bending. The pipe line steel consists of acicular ferrite (AF) and granular bainite (GB) with good mechanical properties. Copper phase enrichment occurs at prior austenite grain boundaries near the cracks of bend pipe, which is the main reason for the surface cracks. In order to decrease the cracks ratio, the microstructure evolution and stress state during the bending process need to be researched deeply.

Cracking Analysis of Induction Heat Bend Pipe of X70 Steel

It has been demonstrated that stress-corrosion cracks can be initiated on continuous loading in a suitable medium. Results are shown for stainless steel immersed in boiling MgCl, solution and for a Mg-6%.A1 alloy in aqueous NaC1K/sub/ 2/O/sub 4/ solution at room temperature. This behavior has been used to analyze the stress-corrosion cracking process in terms of the dislocation theory of brittle fracture. It is proposed that the mechanism of cracking originates from a condition of reduced surface energy brought about by adsorption of some ion species from the surrounding medium. An analysis of the grain size dependence of the fracture initiation stress in the stress-corrosion media leads to estimates of reduced surface energies of the order of 100 to 200 ergs/cm/sub 2/ . (auth)

On a surface energy mechanism for stress-corrosion cracking. a mechanism for stress-corrosion embrittlement

Chapter 48 Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires Seetharaman Sridhar, Seetharaman Sridhar Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorSubramaniam Rajan, Subramaniam Rajan Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert Radulescu, Robert Radulescu Michelin North America, Greenville, USASearch for more papers by this authorNarayanan Neithalath, Narayanan Neithalath Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this author Seetharaman Sridhar, Seetharaman Sridhar Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorSubramaniam Rajan, Subramaniam Rajan Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert Radulescu, Robert Radulescu Michelin North America, Greenville, USASearch for more papers by this authorNarayanan Neithalath, Narayanan Neithalath Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Nabil Nasr, Nabil Nasr REMADE Institute, Rochester, New York, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 January 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394214297.ch48 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary This paper describes our projects efforts to develop innovative processing technologies that can enable a greater rate of recycling of steel scrap into the manufacturing of new tires since it is known that recycling steel scrap has the potential to reduce up to 90% of embedded energy when compared to carbon-based reduction from iron-ore. To resist harsh conditions during use, tires are built with steel cables constructed by assembling together fine wires of diameters as low as 0.2 mm. To obtain these fine wires, steelmakers first hot roll square billets to steel cords of 5.5 mm in diameter. Steel wire makers or tire manufacturers then cold-draw these cords to the finer diameters mentioned. During the cold drawing process, the fine wires are subjected to high levels of tensile and torsional stresses that are known to generate wire breakage when impurity levels are too high. For this reason, since most steel scrap has about 0.23% Cu originating from wires and motors in cars, current use of recycled steel scrap for producing new tires is limited to 20%, with the remaining coming from virgin iron sources, primarily pig iron. The goal of this work is to increase the scrap recycling rate from 20% to 80% while maintaining the industrial performance of the tire manufacturing process and the product quality. We will identify the location of Cu-containing phases, and develop, validate and optimize a processing step to mitigate the detrimental role of copper. References Performance - Environment | Michelin The tire digest , https://thetiredigest.michelin.com/performanceenvironment , 2023 Google Scholar C. Broadbent , Steel's recyclability: demonstrating the benefits of recycling steel to achieve a circular economy . Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. , 21 , 11 , 2016 . 10.1007/s11367-016-1081-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap – Analysis, IEA , https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap , 2020 Google Scholar K. E. Daehn , A. Cabrera Serrenho , and J. M. Allwood , How Will Copper Contamination Constrain Future Global Steel Recycling? Environ. Sci. Technol. , 51 , 11 , 2017 . 10.1021/acs.est.7b00997 Web of Science®Google Scholar L. Wang , H. Gu , and Q. Li , Susceptibility to Surface Hot Shortness of a Cu-containing Steel . J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , 1965 , 1 , 2021 . 10.1088/1742-6596/1965/1/012096 Google Scholar H. Jin and B. Mishra , Minimization of Copper Contamination in Steel Scrap , in: Energy Technology 2020: Recycling, Carbon Dioxide Management, and Other Technologies , Cham , pp. 357 – 364 , 2020 . 10.1007/978-3-030-36830-2_34 Google Scholar David, Ferrous Scrap Steel ," Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer , https://www.911metallurgist.com/ferrous-scrap-steel , 2017 Google Scholar R. J. Fruehan , O. Fortini , H. W. Paxton , and R. Brindle , Theoretical Minimum Energies to Produce Steel for Selected Conditions , https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/theoretical_minimum_energies.pdf , 2000 Google Scholar Z. Gao , S. Sridhar , D. E. Spiller , and P. R. Taylor , Applying Improved Optical Recognition with Machine Learning on Sorting Cu Impurities in Steel Scrap . J. Sustain. Metall. , 6 , 4 , 2020 . 10.1007/s40831-020-00300-8 Web of Science®Google Scholar E. Sampson and S. Sridhar , Effect of Water Vapor During Secondary Cooling on Hot Shortness in Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn-Si Alloys . Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci. , 45 , 5 , 2014 . 10.1007/s11663-014-0112-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar E. Sampson and S. Sridhar , Effect of Silicon on Hot Shortness in Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn-Si Alloys During Isothermal Oxidation in Air . Metall. Mater. Trans. B , 44 , 5 , 2013 . 10.1007/s11663-013-9876-y Web of Science®Google Scholar Y. Kondo and H. Tanei , Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Surface Hot Shortness of Steel Induced by Copper , ISIJ Int. , 55 , 5 , 2015 . 10.2355/isijinternational.55.1044 Web of Science®Google Scholar L. Yin , E. Sampson , J. Nakano , and S. Sridhar , The Effects of Nickel/Tin Ratio on Cu Induced Surface Hot Shortness in Fe . Oxid. Met. , 76 , 5 , 2011 . 10.1007/s11085-011-9261-7 Web of Science®Google Scholar L. Yin and S. Sridhar , Effects of Residual Elements Arsenic, Antimony, and Tin on Surface Hot Shortness . Metall. Mater. Trans. B , 42 , 5 , 2011 . 10.1007/s11663-011-9528-z Web of Science®Google Scholar L. Yin , S. Balaji , and S. Sridhar , Effects of Nickel on the Oxide/Metal Interface Morphology and Oxidation Rate During High-Temperature Oxidation of Fe–Cu–Ni Alloys . Metall. Mater. Trans. B , 41 , 3 , 2010 . Web of Science®Google Scholar A. Rahnama , S. Clark , and S. Sridhar , Machine learning for predicting occurrence of interphase precipitation in HSLA steels . Comput. Mater. Sci. , 154 , 2018 . 10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.07.055 Web of Science®Google Scholar J. Duan , D. Farrugia , C. Davis , and Z. Li , Effect of impurities on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon steel . Ironmak. Steelmak. , 49 , 2 , 2022 . 10.1080/03019233.2021.1972270 Web of Science®Google Scholar D. Colas et al ., Strain field measurements in polycrystalline tantalum , 2013 . Google Scholar V. Janik , P. Beentjes , D. Norman , G. Hensen , and S. Sridhar , Role of heating conditions on microcrack formation in zinc coated 22mnb5 , in: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition 2014 (MS&T'14) : Proceedings, 2014 . Google Scholar B. A. Webler , E.-M. Nick , R. O'Malley , and S. Sridhar , " Influence of cooling and reheating on the evolution of copper rich liquid in high residual low carbon steels ," Ironmak. Steelmak. , vol. 35 , no. 6 , pp. 473 – 480 , Aug. 2008 . 10.1179/174328108X318347 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Technology Innovation for the Circular Economy: Recycling, Remanufacturing, Design, Systems Analysis and Logistics ReferencesRelatedInformation 

Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires

This study investigates some effects of austenite microstructure on processes leading to copper hot shortness. Low carbon steels containing 0˙55 wt-% copper were subjected to two thermal profiles in an infrared image furnace with attached confocal scanning laser microscope: hold at 1150°C for 60 s; hold at 1150°C for 60 s, quench to 400°C, reheat to 1150°C. Heat treatments were conducted in dried/deoxidised argon to image microstructures. Subsequent samples were oxidised in air. The oxide/metal interface was studied in a scanning electron microscope. Additional confocal scanning laser microscope experiments involved melting copper directly on the steel. After quench/reheat, austenite grain size decreased by a factor of ∼1˙7 and grain boundaries were redistributed. Copper evolved during the first heating was no longer found at boundaries. Results from direct copper exposure reveal an apparent effect of boundary character on copper penetration rate. Possible mechanisms by which hot shortness is affe...

Influence of cooling and reheating on the evolution of copper rich liquid in high residual low carbon steels

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Influence of cooling and reheating on the evolution of copper rich liquid in high residual low carbon steels