The scalable and sustainable manufacture of thick electrode films with high energy and power densities is critical for the large-scale storage of electrochemical energy for application in transportation and stationary electric grids. Two-dimensional nanomaterials have become the predominant choice of electrode material in the pursuit of high energy and power densities owing to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios and lack of solid-state diffusion1,2. However, traditional electrode fabrication methods often lead to restacking of two-dimensional nanomaterials, which limits ion transport in thick films and results in systems in which the electrochemical performance is highly dependent on the thickness of the film1-4. Strategies for facilitating ion transport-such as increasing the interlayer spacing by intercalation5-8 or introducing film porosity by designing nanoarchitectures9,10-result in materials with low volumetric energy storage as well as complex and lengthy ion transport paths that impede performance at high charge-discharge rates. Vertical alignment of two-dimensional flakes enables directional ion transport that can lead to thickness-independent electrochemical performances in thick films11-13. However, so far only limited success11,12 has been reported, and the mitigation of performance losses remains a major challenge when working with films of two-dimensional nanomaterials with thicknesses that are near to or exceed the industrial standard of 100 micrometres. Here we demonstrate electrochemical energy storage that is independent of film thickness for vertically aligned two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x ), a material from the MXene family (two-dimensional carbides and nitrides of transition metals (M), where X stands for carbon or nitrogen). The vertical alignment was achieved by mechanical shearing of a discotic lamellar liquid-crystal phase of Ti3C2T x . The resulting electrode films show excellent performance that is nearly independent of film thickness up to 200 micrometres, which makes them highly attractive for energy storage applications. Furthermore, the self-assembly approach presented here is scalable and can be extended to other systems that involve directional transport, such as catalysis and filtration.

Thickness-independent capacitance of vertically aligned liquid-crystalline MXenes.

http://www.oocities.org/santanuparia/research/pdf/acis-04.pdf

A review on experimental studies of surfactant adsorption at the hydrophilic solid-water interface.

Dynamic surface tension and adsorption mechanisms of surfactants at the air–water interface

The surface structure of gold nanorods (NRs) capped with cationic surfactants in water was studied by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For gold nanorods, the FTIR results show the formation of new bands, which indicate binding of the surfactant headgroup to the surface of the NR. These bands are stable at temperatures as high as 350 °C. For a surfactant mixture (used as capping material), TGA shows a weak weight loss peak at 235 °C and a strong peak at 298 °C assigned to the surfactant molecules in monomer and aggregated forms, respectively. For gold nanorods, three weight loss peaks at about 230, 273, and 344 °C are observed. For gold nanospheres (NSs), TGA shows a strong mass loss at 225 °C and two weak mass loss peaks at 255 and 288 °C. The released material after combustion in the TGA process was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and found to be CO2. Our results suggest the following for both NRs and NSs:  (1) There are two different binding modes for the...

Evidence for Bilayer Assembly of Cationic Surfactants on the Surface of Gold Nanorods

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/iucrc/IAB/May2007/NSF%20IUCRC%20Papers/Advances%20in%20adsorption%20of%20surfactants%20and%20their%20mixtures%20at%20solid-solution%20interfaces.pdf

Advances in adsorption of surfactants and their mixtures at solid/solution interfaces.

Etude de l'adsorption d'une couche monomoleculaire de bromure de decyltrimethylammonium a l'interface air/eau

Structure of aqueous decyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions at the air water interface studied by the specular reflection of neutrons

Adsorption of cationic and anionic surfactants on charged metal oxide surfaces

The Composition and Structure of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Dodecanol Mixtures Adsorbed at the Air-Water Interface: A Neutron Reflection Study

Study of the adsorption from aqueous solution of hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether on silica substrates using the technique of neutron reflection

Direct determination by neutron reflection of the structure of triethylene glycol monododecyl ether layers at the air/water interface

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