Green building and sustainable architecture are new techniques for addressing the environmental and energy crises. Trombe walls are regarded as a sustainable architectural technology for heating and ventilation. This article reviews the application of Trombe walls in buildings. The reviews discuss the characteristics of Trombe walls, including Trombe-wall configurations, and Trombe-wall technology. The advantages and disadvantages of this sustainable architectural technology have been highlighted, and future research questions have been identified.

Trombe walls: A review of opportunities and challenges in research and development

A major portion of the total primary energy consumed by today’s buildings is used in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC). Conventional heating and cooling systems are having an impact on operational cost, energy requirement and carbon dioxide emission. In this regard, Trombe walls are receiving considerable attention because of their potential ability for addressing the environmental and energy crisis. This paper reviews the most pertinent contents of studies on Trombe walls that have been carried out in the recent 15 years. According to utilizing functions of Trombe walls, they are divided into two major types: a heating-based type and a cooling-based type. In terms of content, we emphasize the introduction of three groups of parameters that be considered when designing Trombe walls: the ‘Trombe wall’ parameters, the ‘building’ parameters and the ‘site’ parameters. Then different evaluation indicators on Trombe walls have been summarized from three points of view: energy, environment and economic. We hope that this review is useful to academic researchers and can provide a reference for architects or related engineering designers in the field of passive design.

A review on the application of Trombe wall system in buildings

Medicinal plants are the most popular forms of traditional plants used to maintain health, as well as prevent or treat physical and mental disorders. Chemical compounds of plants are classified into primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Plants produce a great variety of secondary metabolites related to the mechanisms of adaptation and important in mediating interactions between plants and the biotic environment. Among secondary metabolites, essential oils (EOs) are very important natural products, which have different therapeutic and biological activities. EOs (volatile oils) are complex mixtures of odorous principles stored in special plant cells and glands in different parts of plants, which are obtained by living organisms and isolated by pressing and hydro or steam distillation in some plant families. The constituents of plant EOs fall mainly into two distinct chemical classes: terpenes and phenylpropanoids. Furthermore, terpene compounds can be divided into two main categories: (1) hydrocarbons, mainly the mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes; and (2) their oxygenated compounds, for instance, alcohols, oxides, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, acids, esters, and lactones. Several factors can influence the composition of EOs, including growth conditions, climate, altitude, soil type, agricultural methods and practices, developmental stage, plant part extracted, and harvesting time. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the chemical composition of various EO-bearing plants and the factors that are most influential in affecting the ratios of essential oil molecules made by the plant.

Chemistry of Essential Oils and Factors Influencing Their Constituents

A review on opportunities for implementation of solar energy technologies in agricultural greenhouses

The efficiency of drip irrigation unpacked

Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling that affects the soil water regime, the water and fertilization use efficiency and the crop yield, although the same quantity of water is applied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 years in the summer season of 2005 and 2006 on sandy soils to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on water distribution, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of two white grain maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted by using a randomized complete block split-split plot design, with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha )1 ), and two maize hybrids (three-way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main-plot, split-plot, and split-split plot treatments respectively. The results indicate that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water content and retained soil water, depending on soil depth. Grain yield with the application of 190 kg N ha )1 was not statistically different from that at 380 kg N ha )1 at the irrigation frequency once every 5 days. However, the application of 190 kg N ha )1 resulted in a significant yield reduction of 25 %, 18 % and 9 % in 2005 and 20 %, 13 % and 6 % in 2006 compared with 380 kg N ha )1 at the irrigation frequencies once every 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The response function between yield components and irrigation frequency treatments was quadratic in both growing seasons except for 100-grain weight, where the function was linear. WUE increased with increasing irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels, and reached the maximum values at once every 2 and 3 days and at 380 kg N ha )1 . In order to improve the WUE and grain yield for drip-irrigated maize in sandy soils, it is recommended that irrigation frequency should be once every 2 or 3 days at the investigated nitrogen levels of 380 kg N ha )1 regardless of maize varieties. However, further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate should be aimed at and will have to be investigated.

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Sandy Soil Water Distribution, Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Egyptian Conditions

Effect of solar storage wall on the passive solar heating constructions

Differences in soil moisture and wetting pattern under different irrigation frequencies mean that vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency in maize can differ even when the same total amount of irrigated water is applied under different frequency regimes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation frequency and its interaction with nitrogen fertilization on vegetative growth and nitrogen use efficiency of a maize crop at different growth stages and on grain quality at maturity stage in a sandy soil. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2005 and 2006) using a randomized complete block split‐split plot design with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha )1 ) and two maize hybrids (three-way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main-plot, split-plot and split‐ split plot variables, respectively. Irrigation water, totalling 524 mm ha )1 , applied for each irrigation frequency was divided into 28, 21, 17 and 14 doses for the F2, F3, F4 and F5 treatments, respectively. Results indicated that vegetative growth, crop growth and nitrogen efficiency parameters at the 10-leaf and tasseling growth stages increased with increasing drip irrigation frequency, whereas grain protein content decreased. Although the values of the vegetative growth and crop growth parameters increased with increasing nitrogen levels, significant decreases in nitrogen efficiency parameters were also observed indicating the need for further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate. Significant interaction effects between irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels were detected for all parameters measured. In most cases, the parameters were not significantly different between the two nitrogen levels at an irrigation frequency of once every 5 days, but did differ significantly at irrigation frequencies of once every 2, 3 or 4 days. The relationship between the nitrogen use efficiency parameters and retained available soil water content at the 10-leaf and tasseling growth stages was best represented by a second order polynomial equation with an R 2 ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. Based on our findings, an irrigation frequency of once every 2 and 3 days is recommended to enhance growth and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize in sandy soil in Egypt.

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Arid Conditions

Drip irrigation frequency: the effects and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on sandy soil water pattern, corn yield and water use efficiency under Egyptian conditions.

Minimizing temperature fluctuations of sandy soil under different climatic conditions.

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