Kroon, L. P. N. M., Brouwer, H., de Cock, A. W. A. M., and Govers, F. 2012. The genus Phytophthora anno 2012. Phytopathology 102:348-364. Plant diseases caused by Phytophthora species will remain an ever increasing threat to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Phytophthora literally means plant destroyer, a name coined in the 19th century by Anton de Bary when he investigated the potato disease that set the stage for the Great Irish Famine. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight, was the first species in a genus that at present has over 100 recognized members. In the last decade, the number of recognized Phytophthora species has nearly doubled and new species are added almost on a monthly basis. Here we present an overview of the 10 clades that are currently distinguished within the genus Phytophthora with special emphasis on new species that have been described since 1996 when Erwin and Ribeiro published the valuable monograph ‘Phytophthora diseases worldwide’ (35).

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1094/PHYTO-01-11-0025

The genus Phytophthora anno 2012.

Phytophthora kernoviae sp. nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK

https://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Meentemeyer_etal_ForestEcologyMgmt20041.pdf

Mapping the risk of establishment and spread of sudden oak death in California

Little is known about indigenous Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that a diverse, trophically complex Phytophthora community is important in many forests. The number of described species has steadily increased, with a dramatic spike in recent years as new species have been split from old and new species have been discovered through exploration of new habitats. Forest soil, streams, and the upper canopies of trees are now being explored for Phytophthora diversity, and a new appreciation for the ecological amplitude of the genus is emerging. Ten to twenty species are regularly identified in temperate forest surveys. Half or more of this Phytophthora diversity comes from species described since 2000. Taxa in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Clade 6 are especially numerous in forest streams and may be saprophytic in this habitat. Three ecological assemblages of forest Phytophthora species are hypothesized: aquatic opportunists, foliar pathogens, and soilborne fine-root and canker pathogens. Aggressive invasive species are associated with all three groups.

Phytophthora Beyond Agriculture

A comprehensive phylogeny representing 142 described and 43 provisionally named Phytophthora species is reported here for this rapidly expanding genus. This phylogeny features signature sequences of 114 ex-types and numerous authentic isolates that were designated as representative isolates by the originators of the respective species. Multiple new subclades were assigned in clades 2, 6, 7, and 9. A single species P lilii was placed basal to clades 1 to 5, and 7. Phytophthora stricta was placed basal to other clade 8 species, P asparagi to clade 6 and P intercalaris to clade 10. On the basis of this phylogeny and ancestral state reconstructions, new hypotheses were proposed for the evolutionary history of sporangial papillation of Phytophthora species. Non-papillate ancestral Phytophthora species were inferred to evolve through separate evolutionary paths to either papillate or semi-papillate species.

/pdf/an-expanded-phylogeny-for-the-genus-phytophthora-v9w2742dbo.pdf

An expanded phylogeny for the genus Phytophthora.

Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species isolated from stem cankers on two species of Fagaceae and leaves of various hosts, is described. The new species resembles P. ilicis with homothallic, amphigynous antheridia and deciduous, semi-papillate sporangia, and has a related ITS-DNA sequence. Symptoms and host range are similar to P. ramorum, cause of Sudden Oak Death and leaf blight and shoot dieback diseases in California and Oregon forests, although P. nemorosa does not appear to cause wide-spread mortality of oak trees.

Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A.

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Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A.